module 6 adolescence Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
pre-adolescence for girls and boy
A
girls 9-11
boys 10-12
2
Q
physical changes in pre-adolescence
A
Increased muscular strength, motor coordination stamina
Increased body fat
Increase in weight and height, as well as cognitive, social, and physical development
need to meet nutritional demands
3
Q
energy demands depend on
A
level of activity
gender
age
height
weight
4
Q
psychological developments in adolescence
A
Self-efficacy
Rational cause/effect reasoning
Sense of self
Development of feeding skills
Increased peer influence
5
Q
what hormones regulate growth (2)
A
IGF-1
GH
6
Q
higher intra-abdominal fat = __ GH
A
higher intra-abdominal fat = decreased GH
7
Q
which growth hormone has a bigger role?
A
IGF-1
8
Q
when does GH peak?
A
once during fetal growth and once during puberty
9
Q
3 other hormones that regulate growth
A
insulin, TH, androgens
10
Q
what hormone is released to start puberty?
A
GnRH
11
Q
GnRH causes release of __ and __, leading to estrogen and progesterone and testosterone (__ axis)
A
GnRH causes release of LH and FSH, leading to estrogen and progesterone and testosterone (HPA axis)
12
Q
female markers of puberty
A
menstruation, pubic hair growth
13
Q
male markers of puberty
A
testes
change in lean body mass
14
Q
what is BMI rebound?
A
inflection point of BMI between ages 4-6
early rebound = onset for adult obesity
results from increased body fat
15
Q
dental carries =
dependent on
A
tooth decay
dependent on time the tooth is exposed to simple carbs
16
Q
what type of foods protect against dental carries
A
proteins and fats
missing teeth and braces make it difficult to eat certain foods
17
Q
lactose intolerance
temporary vs chronic
A
temporary = injury to small bowel (infection)
chronic = less lactase dehydrogenase
18
Q
lactose intolerance impacts __ and __ requirements
A
lactose intolerance impacts vitamin D and calcium requirements
19
Q
is high fat cow milk associated with increased childhood adiposity?
A
no
20
Q
peak height gain is earlier for
A
girls
21
Q
adolescence is from __-__ years old
A
adolescence is from 11-21 years old
22
Q
cognitive maturation at age
A
12-16
23
Q
puberty occurs earlier in
A
girls
24
Q
immature brain = __ gray matter
A
immature brain = less gray matter
25
making mature neurons
1. neurons make connections to different networks, then we prune these connections
26
__ makes mature neurons
**myelination** makes mature neurons
27
neural changes by age
5-10
10-15
15-20
5-10 years old: lots of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis
10-15: dramatic change in gray matter (way less, bc we started synapse pruning and myelination
15-20: consolidation of circuits, further reduction of gray matter
28
does pruning depend on the environment
yes sometimes
29
what brain areas undergo most extensive modeling during adolescence
amygdala and PFC
30
physical changes in females
Weight Gain follows linear growth spurt by 3-6 months
~18.3 pounds per year
Average lean body mass decreases in relation to body fat:
44% increase in LBM (including protein, intracellular, extracellular, and bone mineral)
120% increase in Body Fat
31
for menarche, __% body fat is needed
for menarche, **17**% body fat is needed
32
need __% body fat to maintain menstrual cycles
need **25**% body fat to maintain menstrual cycles
33
when is peak linear female growth?
6-12 months prior to menarche
34
males physical changes
Peak Weight gain and linear growth at same time, as well as peak muscle mass growth
~20 pounds per year
Body fat decrease to 12%
Half of bone mass accrued in adolescence
Larger increase in Lean Body Mass
35
males and females leptin and insulin
Leptin (Inhibit hunger) and Insulin both affect puberty and GnRH release
36
males and females underweight hormones
Underweight leads to low levels of insulin and leptin, delaying puberty
37
overweight = too much leptin + insulin = increased LH, no change in FSH = __ puberty
early puberty!
38
what factors influence bone development in adolescents
Genetics, Hormonal Changes, Weight bearing exercise, smoking, alcohol, vitamins and nutrients (calcium, Vitamin D, protein, phosphorous, boron, iron) involved in bone development
39
what sex hormone promotes bone formation by osteoblasts?
estrogen
40
__ of adult peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence
by 18 years, more than __% of skeletal mass has formed
**1/2** of adult peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence
by 18 years, more than **90**% of skeletal mass has formed
41
bone accretion
no signals coming in =
No signals coming in = less bone formation, more bone reabsorption
More osteoclasts than osteoblasts
42
energy requirements are affected by
Activity Level
Level of physical activity declines during adolescence, resulting in reduced
Basal Metabolic Rate
Pubertal Growth and Development
Males have higher caloric need, due to greater increase in height, weight, LBM
43
protein requirements
Maintain LBM, and growth of new LBM
0.85 g/kg body weight
Low protein intake lead to reduced linear growth, reduced sexual maturation, reduced LBM
44
calcium requirements
For bone mass growth
Females calcium absorption greatest at time of menarche
DRI is 1300 mg/day
Milk and dairy products needed
45
iron requirements
Growth, blood volume, and muscle mass
Menustration leads to more iron
8 mg for 9-13 years old
11 mg for 14-18 years old
15 mg for females 14-18 years old (Higher for females)
46
what are tanner stages
Scales that rate pubertal development based on secondary sex characteristics, as sexual maturation important role in assessing nutrition and development
47
why are tanner stages useful?
Nutrition can affect sexual maturation, so it is good sign of nutrition as well
Sexual maturation is different in adolescents of the same age, and thus, Tanner stages are a good indication of what point in puberty they are in compared to those in their age group
48
tanner stages in order
Stage 1: Pre-puberty
Stage 2: Puberty
Stage 3: Completion of puberty
Females: Breast Development and Pubic hair
Males: Genital Development and Pubic Hair
49
dietary habit concerns (increase with age)
2-4
5-8
9-13
14-18
Starting with 2-4: Not meeting vegetables, nor for dairy
Ages 5-8: Not vegetables, fruits barely making it, dairy missing
Ages 9-13: Missing vegetables, fruits, dairy, and almost protein
Ages 14-18: Missing almost everything, except grains
50
__% of teens consume diets that meet recommendations
**1**% of teens consume diets that meet recommendations
51
sugar-sweetened beverages make up __% total added sugars
sugar-sweetened beverages make up **33**% total added sugars
52
sources of SSBs
juices (better to eat the whole fruit for fiber)
glucose rebound is better with eating whole fruit
orange juice has large undershoot
53
dairy consumption concerns
mainly cheese
Dairy/Fortified milk alternatives are essential for potassium, calcium and vitamin D
54
milk alternatives
Some Oat & Hazelnut milks can have higher sugars than cow’s milk
Most are lower in protein (soy, pea and flaxseed are exceptions)
Coconut milk has higher sodium (105mg vs. 15mg)
55
nutrient gaps for females and males
Females: folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, choline and protein
Males: phosphorus, magnesium, choline and fiber
56
obesity and puberty onset: females
Overweight: Too much leptin and insulin, early puberty: increasing LH, no effects on FSH
57
obesity and puberty onset: males
Obesity also causes early puberty
Adolescent Obesity associated with Adult Obesity
58
female athelete triad/RED-S
Not enough calories = insufficient adiposity = no signal to HPG axis that we can expend energy on menstruation or pregnancy
59
3 distinct and interrelated conditions of RED-s
Disordered eating (range of nutritional behaviors)
Amenorrhea (irregular/absent periods)
Osteoporosis (low bone mass)
60
female athlete triad overview
Energy deficit disrupts HPG axis, resulting in decreased GnRH → Menstrual Disturbance → Bone Loss
61
which type of brain matter is myelinated?
white matter
62
brain changes
5-20
15-20
5-20: neurogenesis and synaptogenesis
15-20: synapse pruning and myelination
63
amygdala changes and role
Emotional core, leading to more impulsive in teens. Adults use this less, use prefrontal cortex more
64
prefrontal cortex changes and role
Planning and reasoning (Teens more immature, more high risk)
LAST SECTION OF BRAIN TO DEVELOP
65
what section of brain is last to develop
PFC!
66
parietal lobe
Touch, Sight, Language (Teens do not process info well)
67
ventral striatum
Reward Center, not fully developed in teens, teens are more excited by rewards
68
limbic region
Emotions and Feeling of Reward:
Promoting risk-taking and interaction with peers
Enhanced during puberty, more dopamine activity
69
hippocampus
Teens have tremendous learning curve, for adults it is fully functional
70
myelination causes
Enhances speed of communication, elaborate networking, and help quicker recovery. Increasing connection between Limbic system and Prefrontal cortex
Mismatch of connection (since limbic matures earlier) affects decision making
71
insula
Brain region involved with integrating emotional information from the limbic and cortical regions
Imaging studies on sleep-deprived teens show
Greater activation of insula
Increased sensitivity to arousal and pleasure
72
teens have decreased action of __ and decreased coupling between __ and __
teens have decreased action of **PFC** and decreased coupling between **PFC** and **insula**
73
adolescents are more prone to __ and __ disorders
mental health and alcohol use disorders
74
impulse control arives at what age
25 or later
75
mismatch in timing between maturateion of limbic system and PFC
Limbic system (pleasure, sensation-seeking) matures earlier than the PFC (ability to weigh pros and cons, impulse control)
76
4 main concepts of safe passage into adulthood
1. Brain Plasticity
2. Mismatch in timing between limbic system and prefrontal cortex-> teens involved in more risky behavior
Physical maturation does not equal cognitive/emotional maturation
3. Mismatch results in increased dopamine activity, earlier puberty, lack of sleep, other factors.
4. Brain Development and Maturation involves both nature and nurture
77
healthy eating as they age into adulthood
Exposure
Trying different methods of food prep
Model dietary behaviors
Allowing Adolescents to create food
Guide selection of food purchased outside home
78
earlier screening for CVD
starting in age 8:
Fatty Streaks could develop into lesions, affecting flow of arteries
Measuring things like cholesterol, HDL, LDL, etc.
79
strategies to prevent obesity
> 25 BMI: Only Diet
> 25 BMI + Comorbidity or > 30: Diet + Pharmacotherapy
>35 + Comorbidity + >40: All + Bariatric surgery
80
lower preventable deaths
promote intimacy
healthy sleep
81
eco-biological developmental model
Early social and environmental experiences (the ecology) and the genetic predispositions (the biology) influence the development of adaptive behaviors, learning capacities, lifelong physical and mental health, and future economic productivity
82
positive stress
Negative feedback system, allows return to baseline after stressor eliminated
83
tolerable stress
Exposure to non-normative stress that present greater degree or threat, more prolonged.
Impact can be buffered by supportive adults and environment that reduces extended exposure and excessive activation
Prolonged activation
Serious illness
Fire to the home
Divorce
Natural disaster
84
toxic stress
Strong, frequent, and prolonged experience, absence of buffering
If the body fails to shut off the release of cortisol due to chronic stress, longer-term effects can occur to developing brain and body organs
Developing brain is really sensitive to stress hormones
85
short-term impacts of stress
Release of adrenalin
Heart rate increases
Blood pressure increases
86
how does chronic stress lead to hypertrophy
Affects Amygdala, which causes hypothalamus to release CRH-> ACTH-> Adrenal Glands-> Cortisol:
87
Chronic stress Affects Connection between PFC and Amygdala,
reduces ability to shut off cortisol response
88
adverse childhood events behaivors and clinical outcomes
Behaviors:
Over-eating, depression, smoking, alcohol, drugs, multiple sex partners
Clincal outcomes:
Obiesty, Diabetes, heart disease, COPD, suicidal attempts, liver disease, unintended pregnancies, STDs
89
allostatic load
Cumulative wear and tear on physiologic processed due to recurrent or chronic stress
AL model posits that there is a dysregulation of physiologic systems designed to balance the organism’s responses to environmental demands
90
allostatic load is a biomarker of
cardiometabolic risk which predicts the onset of chronic diseases of aging including: cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, and stroke
91
what increases allostatic load
SES and stressors
neighborhood risk
