module 12

Question 1

conducting zone

Answer 1

organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange

Question 2

respiratory zone

Answer 2

The respiratory zone begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole, leading to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.

Question 3

respiratory epithelium made of

Answer 3

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 4

trachea

Answer 4

16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces connected by dense connective tissue
windpipe

Question 5

trachealis muscle

Answer 5

allows the trachea to stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation

Question 6

carina

Answer 6

raised structure containing specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present

Question 7

primary bronchi

Answer 7

enter the lungs at the hilum, a concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs. branch into a bronchial tree

Question 8

Bronchioles

Answer 8

further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange.

Question 9

smallest type of bronchiole

Answer 9

terminal bronchiole

Question 10

alveolar duct

Answer 10

tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli.

Question 11

alveolus

Answer 11

grape-like sacs that are attached to the alveolar ducts.

Question 12

type I alveolar cell

Answer 12

squamous epithelial cell of the alveoli, which constitutes up to 97 percent of the alveolar surface area. These cells are about 25 nm thick and are highly permeable to gases

Question 13

type II alveolar cell

Answer 13

among the type I cells and secretes pulmonary surfactant

Question 14

pulmonary surfactant

Answer 14

a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli.

Question 15

alveolar macrophage

Answer 15

phagocytic cell of the immune system that removes debris and pathogens that have reached the alveoli

Question 16

respiratory membrane

Answer 16

approximately 0.5 μm (micrometers) thick. The respiratory membrane allows gases to cross by simple diffusion, allowing oxygen to be picked up by the blood for transport and CO2 to be released into the air of the alveoli.

Question 17

cardiac notch

Answer 17

indentation on the left lung’s surface, and it allows space for the heart.

Question 18

costal surface

Answer 18

surface of the lung borders the ribs

Question 19

mediastinal surface

Answer 19

surface faces the midline

Question 20

Fissures

Answer 20

oblique fissure and horizontal fissue of the left lung

Question 21

bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 21

division of a lobe, and each lobe houses multiple bronchopulmonary segments.

Question 22

visceral pleura

Answer 22

the layer that is superficial to the lungs and extends into and lines the lung fissures

Question 23

parietal pleura

Answer 23

the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm.

Question 24

do you need energy to push air out of lungs

Answer 24

no

Question 25

passive inspiration

Answer 25

diaphragm and external intercostals must contract.

Question 26

Passive expiration

Answer 26

does not require muscle to contract

Question 27

forced breathing

Answer 27

inspiration and expiration both occur due to muscle contractions. In addition to the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, other accessory muscles must also contract

Question 28

mediastinum into the sub-divisions

Answer 28

Superior mediastinum: The top part of the mediastinum, located above the heart Anterior mediastinum: The part in front of the heart, between the heart and the sternum Middle mediastinum: The part that contains the heart Posterior mediastinum: The part behind the heart