module 13

Question 1

apex

Answer 1

inferior (bottom) of heart

Question 2

perichardium

Answer 2

tough membrane surrounding heart - fiberous on outside and serous on inside
–> serous is broken into two: visceral and parietal

Question 3

layers of heart

Answer 3

Epicardium, Myocardium (thickest), Endocardium

Question 4

which ventricle is thickest?

Answer 4

left ventricle (because it needs to pump to the whole body)

Question 5

trabeculae carneae

Answer 5

ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium.

Question 6

vessel taking blood away from the heart (deoxygenated)

Answer 6

artery

Question 7

vessel taking blood to from the heart (oxygenated)

Answer 7

vein

Question 8

toilet paper my asset

Answer 8

tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic valves in order

Question 9

Interatrial septum

Answer 9

between the atria. It contains the fossa ovalis in the adult heart, the remnant the fetal opening called the foramen ovale.

Question 10

Interventricular septum

Answer 10

between the ventricles. It is substantially thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles generate far greater pressure when they contract.

Question 11

superior vena cava

Answer 11

drains blood from regions superior to the diaphragm: the head, neck, upper limbs, and the thoracic region.

Question 12

Inferior vena cava

Answer 12

travels alongside the descending aorta and drains blood from areas inferior to the diaphragm: the lower limbs and abdominopelvic region of the body

Question 13

coronary sinus

Answer 13

drains most of the coronary veins that return systemic blood from the heart.

Question 14

pectinate muscles

Answer 14

right atrium also has parallel muscular ridges

Question 15

chordae tendineae

Answer 15

Each flap of the valve is attached to several strong strands of connective tissue

Question 16

papillary muscle

Answer 16

extends from the inferior ventricular surface.

Question 17

relaxation of the heart

Answer 17

diastole

Question 18

contraction of the heart

Answer 18

systole

Question 19

foramen ovale

Answer 19

shunt that directly connects the right and left atria. fetal circulation uses this

Question 20

ductus arteriosus

Answer 20

another shunt, connects and diverts blood directly from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

Question 21

what does foramen ovale turn into when baby takes breath

Answer 21

foramen ovale turns into fossa ovalis once baby takes breath

Question 22

ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 22

ductus arteriosus constricts, flattens, and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum to establish adult heart

Question 23

Coronary arteries

Answer 23

Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart.
1. left coronary artery (blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum)
- circumflex artery
- anterior interventricular artery
2. right coronary artery (along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system.)
- right marginal artery
- posterior interventricular artery

Question 24

autorhythmicity

Answer 24

initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contractile mechanism

Question 25

left coronary artery branches into:

Answer 25

circumflex artery & anterior interventricular artery

Question 26

right coronary artery branches into:

Answer 26

right marginal artery & posterior interventricular artery

Question 27

veins - coronary circulation: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart wall to the right atrium

Answer 27

great cardiac vein (along anterior inter ventricular artery), middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular artery), small cardiac vein (close to marginal artery) all drain into coronary sinus

Question 28

sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 28

Normal cardiac rhythm is established by the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the superior and posterior walls of the right atrium. The SA node is known as the pacemaker of the heart.

Question 29

atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 29

The septum prevents the impulse from spreading directly to the ventricles without passing through the AV node. There is a critical pause of about 100 ms before the AV node depolarizes and transmits the impulse to the atrioventricular bundle. This pause is critical to heart function, as it allows the atria to complete their contraction that pumps blood into the ventricles before the impulse is transmitted to the the ventricles.

Question 30

atrioventricular bundle

Answer 30

interventricular septum before dividing into the left and right bundle branches. The left bundle branch supplies the left ventricle, and the right bundle branch the right ventricle. Both bundle branches descend and reach the apex of the heart where they connect with the Purkinje fibers.

Question 31

Purkinje fibers

Answer 31

additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to the myocardial contractile cells in the ventricles. They extend throughout the myocardium from the apex of the heart toward the atrioventricular septum and the base of the heart. Since the electrical stimulus begins at the apex, the contraction also begins at the apex and travels toward the base of the heart, similar to squeezing a tube of toothpaste from the bottom. This allows the blood to be pumped out of the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 32

thoracic aorta

Answer 32

passes through an opening in the diaphragm. Superior to the diaphragm, it is called the thoracic aorta

Question 33

abdominal aorta

Answer 33

inferior to diaphragm

Question 34

common iliac arteries

Answer 34

The abdominal aorta terminates when it bifurcates into the two common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The common iliac arteries split into external and internal iliac arteries and provide blood to the pelvic region and ultimately to the lower limbs.

Question 35

the only branches off the ascending aorta

Answer 35

right and left coronary arteries

Question 36

Aortic arch

Answer 36

Brachiocephalic trunk Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery

Question 37

Descending aorta

Answer 37

Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta, from superior to inferior: Celiac trunk: foregut organs and spleen. Superior mesenteric artery: supply blood to the midgut organs. Renal arteries: the kidneys. Gonadal arteries: gonads, or reproductive organs. Inferior mesenteric artery: hindgut organs.