module 14

Question 1

9 regions

Answer 1

top: left/right hypochondriac, epigastric
middle: umbilical, right/left lumbar
bottom: left/right iliac regions, hypogastric region

Question 2

4 quadrants

Answer 2

right upper quadrant, left upper quad
right lower quad, left lower quad

Question 3

5 peritoneal folds

Answer 3

Greater omentum, Falciform ligament, Lesser omentum, Mesentery Proper, Mesocolon

Question 4

1. Greater omentum

Answer 4

Apron-like pouch extending inferiorly between the body wall and the anterior surface of the small intestine

Question 5

2. Falciform ligament

Answer 5

Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm

Question 6

3. Lesser omentum

Answer 6

Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver

Question 7

4. Mesentery Proper

Answer 7

Vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring most of the small intestine

Question 8

5. Mesocolon

Answer 8

Attaches the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 9

Intraperitoneal

Answer 9

within peritoneum

Question 10

Retroperitoneal

Answer 10

primary Retroperitoneal = never surrounded by peritoneum
secondary Retroperitoneal = originally surrounded by peritoneum, but during development they are pushed out from the peritoneum

Question 11

alimentary tract is composed of the same four tissue layers

Answer 11

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

Question 12

goblet cells

Answer 12

which secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen
in the mucosa layer

Question 13

adventitia

Answer 13

When an organ is retroperitoneal, the organ is surrounded by an adventitia rather than a serosa.

Question 14

enteric nervous system

Answer 14

the alimentary canal receives local innervation from the enteric nervous system, which runs from the esophagus to the anus, and contains approximately 100 million motor, sensory, and interneurons

Question 15

myenteric plexus

Answer 15

the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal, between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and it is responsible for motility, especially the rhythm and force of the contractions of the muscularis.

Question 16

Peristalsis

Answer 16

sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along the digestive tract.

Question 17

Segmentation

Answer 17

Instead of propelling food substances forward, segmentation is a form of mechanical digestion

Question 18

esophageal hiatus

Answer 18

esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through an opening

Question 19

Esophageal glands proper

Answer 19

most concentrated in the superior portion of the esophagus
secrete mucous to lubricate the esophagus to help food move easily towards the stomach

Question 20

Esophageal cardiac glands

Answer 20

inferior portion of the esophagus, secrete a basic substance to help counter against acidic contents that may reflux into the lower esophagus

Question 21

superior (upper) esophageal sphincter

Answer 21

controls the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus

Question 22

inferior (lower) esophageal sphincter

Answer 22

esophagus to stomach junction
stops acid reflex and relaxes to let food through

Question 23

chyme

Answer 23

bolus of food mixed together with digestive juices in the stomach

Question 24

Cardia of stomach

Answer 24

area where the esophagus connects to the stomach and through which food passes into the stomach.

Question 25

Fundus of stomach

Answer 25

dome-shaped superior portion of the stomach located just inferior to the diaphragm.

Question 26

Body of stomach

Answer 26

main, large part of the stomach.

Question 27

Pylorus of stomach

Answer 27

funnel-shaped region that connects the body of the stomach to the duodenum. The smooth muscle pyloric sphincter is located at this latter point of connection and controls stomach emptying into the duodenum.

Question 28

three parts of small intestine

Answer 28

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Question 29

Circular folds

Answer 29

deep ridges and projections in the mucosa and submucosa. They cause the chyme to spiral through the small intestine, slowing its and providing the time and surface area needed for nutrients to be fully absorbed.

Question 30

Villi

Answer 30

small hair-like vascularized projections called villi that increase the surface area of the epithelium tremendously.

Question 31

Microvilli

Answer 31

Small cylindrical apical surface extensions of the epithelial cells lining the villi. There are an estimated 200 million microvilli per square millimeter of small intestine, greatly expanding the surface area of the plasma membrane and thus greatly enhancing absorption.

Question 32

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Answer 32

They serve to keep bacteria from entering the bloodstream.

Question 33

Cecum

Answer 33

The first part of the large intestine is the cecum, a sac-like structure that is suspended inferior to the ileocecal valve. The ileocecal valve controls the flow of chyme from the ilium of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine.

Question 34

appendix

Answer 34

a winding tube that attaches to the cecum. It contains lymphoid tissue, suggesting an immunologic function

Question 35

defecation reflex

Answer 35

internal and external anal sphincter have to relax. internal is regulated by parasympathetic system and is not under conscious control. external anal is under conscious control. both need to be opened to defecate.