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Pharmacology Final > Module 12 - GI Medication > Flashcards

Module 12 - GI Medication Flashcards

1
Q

Antiemetics - Therapeutic use

A
  • Decrease nausea and vomiting

- Inhibit dopamine/serotonin receptors in the brain

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2
Q

Antiemetics - Medication Types (3)

A

1) Anticholinergic and Antihistamine
2) Dopamine Antagonist
3) Serotonin Receptor Antagonist

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3
Q

Antiemetrics - Anticholinergic/Antihistamine (H1 Receptor Antagonist) - Actions and Uses

A
  • Inhibits vestibule stimulation in the middle ear (inhibits dizziness)
  • Blocks histamine
  • Block muscarinic and nicotinic receptor sites - Inhibits cholinergic - Increases Sympathetic Response!
    Treatment: Simple nausea and vertigo
  • Motion Sickness
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4
Q

Anticholinergic/Antihistamine (H1 Receptor Antagonist) - Medication types

A
  • dimenhydrinate (Gravol)

- Meclizine (Bonamine)

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5
Q

Anticholinergic/Antihistamine (H1 Receptor Antagonist) - Side/Adverse effect

A
  • Constipation
  • Drowsiness
  • Dry mouth
  • Blurred vision
  • Urinary retention
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
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6
Q

Anticholinergic/Antihistamine (H1 Receptor Antagonist) - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Vitals (HR,BP)
  • Increase fluid
  • Assess urine output
  • Assess muscle weakness
  • Do not drive/operate machinery on medication
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7
Q

Dopamine Antagonist - Action and Uses

A
  • Block dopamin II (vomiting response) receptors in the brain
  • Decreases risk of vomiting
  • Keeps normal levels of Acetylcholine (Parasympathetic)
  • Lowers esophageal sphincter pressure
    Treatment: Severe nausea and vomiting
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8
Q

Dopamine Antagonist - Medication Type

A

Metoclopramide

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9
Q

Dopamine Antagonist - Precaution

A

GI obstruction or hemorrhage risk

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10
Q

Dopamine Antagonist - Side/Adverse effects

A
  • Chills
  • Hypertension
  • Dizziness
  • Dark urine
  • Tachycardia
  • Abdominal pains
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11
Q

Dopamine Antagonist - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Vitals (BP,HR)
  • Assess
  • Abdominal assessment
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12
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist - Actions and use

A
  • Suppresses nausea and vomiting by blocking serotonin receptors
  • Blocks Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus nerve)
    Treatment: Serious nausea/vomiting relief
  • Preferred drug for anti-neoplastic therapy, radiation therapy or surgical procedures
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13
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist - Medication type

A

Zofran

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14
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist - Side/Adverse effects

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Confusion
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Headache
  • Nervousness
  • Weakness
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15
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist - Nursing considerations

A
  • Medication should be taken on a schedule - not PRN
  • Assess LOC
  • Abdominal assessment
  • Monitor for low serotonin levels
  • Assess mood/behavior
  • Assess muscle weakness
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16
Q

Antidiarrheals - Action and Use

A
  • Act systemically or locally
  • Opiate medication/Absorbents
  • Opiate - CNS depression that decreases peristalsis
  • Absorbent - Allows more time for water and salts to be absorbed
    Treatment: Acute/Chronic Diarrhea
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17
Q

Antidiarrheals - Opiates - Medication Type

A

loperamide (Imodium)

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18
Q

Antidiarrheals - Opiates - Side/Adverse Effect

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal distention
  • Fatigue
  • Sedation
  • Tachycardia
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19
Q

Antidiarrheals - Opiates - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Do not use on children under 2
  • Vitals (HR,BP)
  • ECG
  • Assess LOC
  • Assess intake vs output
  • Assess serum levels (Na, Mg, K)
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20
Q

Antidiarrheals - Absorbents - Actions and Uses

A
  • Allows for more time to absorb Na+ and Water
  • Coats wall of GI tract by absorbing/inhibiting bacteria/toxins
  • Slows growth of bacteria that might cause diarrhea
  • Binds bacteria to feces for excretion
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21
Q

Antidiarrheals - Absorbents - Medication types

A

bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

22
Q

Antidiarrheals - Absorbents - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Constipation
  • Black stool
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
23
Q

Antidiarrheals - Absorbents - Nursing considerations

A
  • Monitor fluid
  • Assess output
  • Abdominal assessment
  • Assess electrolyte levels
  • Kidney and liver function
24
Q

Laxatives - Actions and Uses

A
  • Promotes evacuation of large bowels
  • Cathartic laxatives are stronger and completely empty the bowel (used before procedures such as a colonoscopy)
    Treatment: Constipation
25
Q

Laxatives - Medication Types (4)

A

1) Osmotic Laxatives
2) Bulk- forming laxatives
3) Emollients (Stool softeners)
4) Stimulant Laxatives

26
Q

Osmotic Laxatives - Actions and Uses

A
  • Increases water in feces from surrounding tissues
  • Stool softener
  • Reduced ammonia in blood stream
    Medication: Lactulose
27
Q

Osmotic Laxatives - Side/Adverse effects

A
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Dehydration
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
28
Q

Osmotic Laxatives - Nursing considerations

A
  • Assess renal function
  • Assess electrolyte levels
  • Encourage fluid intake
  • Asses output
29
Q

Bulk- forming laxatives - Actions and Uses

A
  • Absorb liquid in intestine and swell to form bulky stool
  • Liquid acts as a stool softener
    Medication: pysllium (Metamucil)
30
Q

Bulk- forming laxatives - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Stomach pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Itchiness
31
Q

Bulk- forming laxatives - Nursing considerations

A
  • Encourage fluid intake
  • Promote fiber based diets
  • Assess output
  • Assess electrolyte levels
32
Q

Emollients (Stool softeners) - Actions and Uses

A
  • Helping liquids to mix in the stool acting as a lubricant preventing dry hard stool
  • Improves the ability of water within the colon
    Medication: docusate sodium (Colace)
33
Q

Emollients (Stool softeners) - Side/Adverse Effect

A
  • Stomach pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Diarrhea
34
Q

Emollients (Stool softeners) - Nursing considerations

A
  • Encourage fluid intake
  • Assess electrolyte levels
  • Assess output
  • Abdominal assessment
35
Q

Stimulant Laxatives - Actions and Use

A
  • Trigger contractions in intestinal muscles to promote peristalsis
  • Increases water in stool
    Medication: bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
36
Q

Stimulant Laxatives - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Faintness
  • Diarrhea
  • Dehydration
37
Q

Stimulant Laxatives - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Educate on use - watch for signs of over use (severe weight loss)
  • Encourage fluid intake
  • Assess electrolyte balance
  • Abdominal assessment
  • Assess output
38
Q

Antacids - Actions and Use

A
  • Alkaline substances that neutralize gastric acid

- Treatment of GERD and Gastric ulcer symptoms

39
Q

Antacids - Medication types (3)

A
  • calcium carbonate (Tums)
  • aluminum hydroxide (Maalox)
  • magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
40
Q

Antacids - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • White stools
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhea
  • Electrolyte imbalances
41
Q

Antacids - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Occasional use only for heartburn symptoms
  • Avoid use for patients with renal failure
  • Take at least 2 hours before or after other oral medications
  • Assess electrolyte levels
  • Encourage fluid intake
42
Q

Anti-ulcers - Actions and Use

A
  • Decreases gastric secretions

Treatment: GERD and Gastric Ulcers

43
Q

Anti-ulcers - Medication Types (4)

A

1) H2- receptor antagonists (Histamine2-blockers)
2) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
3) Antacids
4) Antibiotics

44
Q

H2- Receptor Antagonists - Actions and Use

A
  • Inhibit histamine at H2-receptor sites in parietal cells
  • Decreases gastric acid secretions
    Medication: ranitidine (Zantac)
45
Q

H2- Receptor Antagonists - Side/Adverse Effect

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Headaches
  • Decreased LFT
  • Abdominal Pain
  • Loss of B12 absorption
46
Q

H2- Receptor Antagonists - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Assess for B12 deficiency
  • Assess LFT
  • Assess output
  • Educate on caution with clients who have kidney/liver dysfunctions
47
Q

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - Actions and Use

A
  • Blocks the enzyme responsible for HCl secretion
  • Reduce HCI secretion
  • Severe Anti-Ulcer medication
    Medication:
    pantoprazole (Pantoloc)
48
Q

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - Side/Adverse Effect

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Headaches
  • Decrease LFT
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal Pain
49
Q

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Take 30 min before breakfast
  • Eat food with probiotics
  • Assess LFT (long term use)
  • Assess output
  • Abdominal assessment
50
Q

Anti–inflammatory for IBD (Irritable Bowel Disease) - Actions and Use

A
  • Lowers inflammation and immune response
  • Treats bowel inflammation
    Medication: Corticosteroids and Aminosalicylates (NSAID)
    Treatment: Crohn’s Disease and IBD
51
Q

Anti–inflammatory for IBD - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Insomnia
  • Urinary retention
  • Increase K secretion
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Stomach Ulcers
52
Q

Anti–inflammatory for IBD - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Encourage fluid intake
  • Assess K levels
  • Assess output
  • Assess for signs of infection
  • Vitals (BP)

Pharmacology Final (6 decks)

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