Module 12: Muscloskeletal System Disorders

Question 1

Role of bones in the body

Answer 1

• Shape
• Support
• Protection
• Movement
• Electrolyte balance
• Blood production
• Calcium Storage
• Acid-base balance

Question 2

Bone Cells

Answer 2

• Osteoblasts (form bone)
• Osteoclasts (dissolve unwanted bone)
• Osteocytes (mature osteoblasts)

Question 3

Classifications of bones (5)

Answer 3

• Long bones (Femur)
• Short bones (carpals)
• Flat bones (in skull)
• Irregular bones (Vertebrae)
• Sesamoid bones (bones embedded in a tendon, found in foot)

Question 4

Role of skeletal muscle in the body

Answer 4

• Facilitate movement
• Maintain body position
• Stabilize joints
• Temperature regulation

Question 5

Stages of Bone Healing (5)

Answer 5

1. Hematoma - bleeding occurs
2. Granulation tissue formation
3. Pre-callus - held together by cartilage and collagen
4. Bony callus - new bone tissue forms
5. Remodelling - excessive tissue is removed by osteoclasts

Question 6

MSK Diagnostic Tests: Bone Disorders

Answer 6

• X-ray
• MRI
• DEXA bone scan

Question 7

MSK Diagnostic Tests: Muscular Disorders

Answer 7

• Electromyography (EMG) - records electrical activity in the muscle
• Biopsy

Question 8

MSK Diagnostic Tests: Joint Disorders

Answer 8

• X-ray
• Arthroscopy
• MRI

Question 9

Complications of Bone Healing

Answer 9

1. Compartment syndrome (high pressure in the muscles)
2. Fat embolism
3. DVT=>Pulmonary embolism
4. Infection

Question 10

Fracture

Answer 10

• A break in the integrity of a bone

- Occurs from trauma, neoplasms or stress on bones

Question 11

Classifications of Fractures (7)

Answer 11

1) Complete
2) Incomplete
3) Open (compound)
4) Closed
5) Simple
6) Comminuted
7) Compression

Question 12

Complete Fracture

Answer 12

Bone broken, forming separate pieces

Question 13

Incomplete Fracture

Answer 13

Bone only partially broken

Question 14

Open (compound) Fractures

Answer 14

Skin has been broken

Question 15

Closed Fracture

Answer 15

Skin has not been broken

Question 16

Simple Fracture

Answer 16

• Single break

- Maintaining alignment and position

Question 17

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 17

Multiple fractures and bone fragments

Question 18

Compression Fracture

Answer 18

Bone crushed or collapsed into small pieces

Question 19

Sprains

Answer 19

A tear in a ligament

Question 20

Strains

Answer 20

A tear in a tendon

Question 21

Signs and Symptoms of Fractures

Answer 21

• Swelling
• Pain in area
• Bruising
• Inability to move or bear weight of affected area

Question 22

Treatment of Fractures

Answer 22

• Immobilization
• Surgery to repair
• Physical therapy
• Ultrasound therapy
• Bone graft
• Stem cell therapy

Question 23

Compartment Syndrome

Answer 23

• May develop shortly after fracture occurs
• Can happen with crush injuries
• Increased pressure in fascia causing compression nerves and blood vessels
• Causes severe pain, ischemia, necrosis of muscle

Question 24

Signs and Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome

Answer 24

• Pain in affected limb
• Tightness
• Numbness
• Weakness

Question 25

Treatment of Compartment Syndrome

Answer 25

- Medications - Physical therapy - Orthotics - Surgery (fasciotomy)

Question 26

Signs and Symptoms of Sprains and Strains

Answer 26

- Pain - Tenderness - Marked swelling - Discoloration

Question 27

Treatment of Sprains and Strains

Answer 27

RICE: - Rest - Ice - Compression - Elevation - Medications - PT - Surgery

Question 28

Muscle Tears

Answer 28

- Result of trauma or over-extension or over-stressing | - Repeat injuries

Question 29

Degrees of Muscle Tears (3)

Answer 29

First: small % of muscle fibers Second: Much of muscle but not a complete tear Third: Complete tear across width of muscle

Question 30

Signs and Symptoms of Muscle Tears

Answer 30

- Depends on degree of tear - Pain - Muscle can be partially contracted - Loss of strength and ROM - Muscle is unable to contract - Internal bleeding

Question 31

Treatment of Muscle Tears

Answer 31

``` RICE: -Rest -Ice -Compression -Elevation In third degree surgery may be necessary ```

Question 32

Repetitive Strain Injury

Answer 32

- Affects muscles, tendons and nerves | - Develop over a period of time in which the same movement is repeated

Question 33

Signs and Symptoms of Repetitive Strain Injury

Answer 33

- Pain - Weakness - Numbness

Question 34

Treatment of Repetitive Strain Injury

Answer 34

- Rest - Ice or heat - NSAID's - PT - OT - Surgery

Question 35

Osteomyelitis

Answer 35

Bone infection by bacteria or fungi - Infects the bone via blood - Diabetes, kidney failure and chronic health conditions are more at risk to develop osteomyelitis

Question 36

Osteomyelitis- Signs and Symptoms

Answer 36

- Fever - Swelling - Redness - Pain - Fatigue

Question 37

Osteomyelitis- Treatments

Answer 37

- Medications - Change of diet - Surgery

Question 38

Bone Tumour

Answer 38

Common for secondary site from breast, lung or prostate tumours - Osteosarcoma most common neoplasm of bone - Occurs in the shaft of long bone

Question 39

Bone Tumour - Signs and Symptoms

Answer 39

- Bone pain at rest - Fever - Night sweats - Swelling - Weakness

Question 40

Bone Tumour - Treaments

Answer 40

- Surgery - Radiation - Chemotherapy - Cryosurgery (killing cancer by liquid nitrogen)

Question 41

Dislocations

Answer 41

- Separation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between articulating - Accompanied with soft tissue damage to ligaments and tendons - May recur repeatedly

Question 42

Signs and Symptoms of Dislocations

Answer 42

- Distortion - Swollen - Painful - Discoloration

Question 43

Treatment of Dislocations

Answer 43

- Reduction - Immobilization - Surgery - Rehabilitation