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Patho Final > Module 9: Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Module 9: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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2
Q

Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
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3
Q

Diagnostic Tests for digestive system disorders

A
  • X-ray (often using contrast)
  • CT
  • MRI
  • Sigmoidoscopy
  • Colonoscopy
  • Lab specimens (stool, gastric washing)
  • Blood tests (serum protein, liver enzymes)
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4
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through the opening of the diaphragm

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5
Q

Cause of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Injury to area
  • Persistent pressure/ straining in abdomen
  • Weakness in diaphgram
  • Age related changes
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6
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Inflammation of mucosa
  • Dysphagia
  • Heartburn
  • Frequent burping
  • Discomfort laying down after eating, bending over, coughing
  • Reflux
  • Mild chest pain
  • Incompetent gastroesophageal sphincter
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7
Q

Treatment of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Symptoms can be reduced by eating frequent, small meals
  • Avoid the recumbent position after meals
  • Medication
  • Surgery
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8
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A
  • Involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
  • often seen in conjunction with a hiatal hernia
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9
Q

Causes of GERD

A
  • Intraabdominal pressure
  • Delayed gastric emptying
  • Pressure on either side of lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  • Obesity
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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of GERD

A
  • Inflammation or ulceration of mucosa
  • Damage to esophagus
  • Dysphagia
  • Heartburn
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11
Q

Treatment of GERD

A
  • Eliminating factors that affect LES pressure (coffee, alcohol, smoking, fatty foods)
  • Avoid spicy foods
  • Medications
  • Surgery
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12
Q

Gastritis

A
  • Inflammation of the stomach

- Can be acute or chronic

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13
Q

Cause of Gastritis

A
  • Infection
  • Allergies
  • Ingestion of irritating foods
  • Excessive alcohol intake
  • Ingestion of corrosive or toxic substances
  • Radiation/chemotherapy
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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Gastritis

A
  • Anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • Epigastric pain
  • Hematemesis (vomiting of blood)
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15
Q

Treatment of Gastritis

A
  • usually self-limiting
  • gastric mucosa will regenerate in 1-2 days
  • Treat cause
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16
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

-Painful sores/ulcerations in the lining of the stomach or beginning of small intestine

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17
Q

Cause of Peptic Ulcers

A
  • H. Pylori
  • Excessive acid production
  • NSAID’s
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18
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers

A
  • Epigastric burning/pain (usually 2-3 hrs after meals)
  • Heartburn
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Weight loss
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19
Q

Treatment of Peptic Ulcers

A
  • Drug therapy
  • Reduce exacerbating factors
  • Surgery
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20
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

-Formation of gallstones

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21
Q

Cause of Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A

Tend to form when bile has high levels of cholesterol or there is a deficit of bile salts

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22
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A
  • Frequenly asymptomatic
  • Sudden pain in RUQ
  • Pain in back and right shoulder
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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23
Q

Treatment of Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A
  • Surgery to remove gallbladder and/or gallstones

- Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (high-energy sound waves to break down the stones)

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24
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct

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25
Cause of Cholecystitis
- Gallstones - Tumors - Infections
26
Signs and Symptoms of Cholecystitis
- Pain in abdomen - Nausea - Vomiting - Fever - Tenderness in abdomen
27
Treatment of Cholecystitis
-Surgery to remove gallstones or gallbladder
28
Jaundice
Yellowish color of skin and other tissues
29
Cause of Jaundice
- High levels of bilirubin in the blood - Inflamed liver - Obstructed bile duct
30
Signs and Symptoms of Jaundice
- Yellowish tinge of skin and whites of eyes - Dark urine - Itchiness
31
Treatment of Jaundice
Manage underlying condition causing jaundice
32
Hepatitis
Inflammatory condition of the liver
33
Types of Hepatitis
- Viral Hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E) - Toxic hepatitis - Chronic noninfectious hepatitis - Autoimmune hepatitis
34
Cause of Hepatitis
- idiopathic reasons infection | - drug/chemical toxicity
35
Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis
- Fatigue - Jaundice - Weight loss - Abdominal pain
36
Course of Hepatitis (3 stages)
1. Preicteric or prodromal stage 2. Iceteric or jaundice stage 3. Posticteric or recovery stage
37
Treatment of Hepatitis
- No method of destroying the virus - Gamma globulin (early stage) - Supportive measures (rest, high protein diet,carbs, vitamins) - Depends on type of hepatitis
38
Cirrhosis
Progressive destruction of liver tissue leading to liver failure
39
Cause of Cirrhosis
- Chronic liver diseases | - Toxins/alcohol
40
Signs and Symptoms of Cirrhosis
- Fatigure - Anemia - Itchy skin - Edema in legs, feet, ankles - Jaundice - Ascites - Weight loss
41
Treatment of Cirrhosis
- Supportive/symptomatic treatment | - Diet (Restrictions on protein and sodium, increase intake of carbs and vitamins)
42
Pancreatitis
- Inflammation of the pancreas | - May be acute or chronic
43
Cause of Pancreatitis
- Auto-digestion of tissues - Infection - Gallstones - Medications - Alcoholism
44
Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatitis
- Severe epigastric or abdominal pain radiating to the back - Signs of shock - Low-grade fever - Abdominal distention
45
Treatment of Pancreatitis
- All oral intake is stopped - Shock and electrolyte imbalances are treated - Analgesics - Surgery
46
Crohn's Disease
- Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (cause is unknown) | - May affect any area of the digestive tract but occurs most frequently in the small intestine
47
Signs and Symptom of Crohn's Disease
- Diarrhea - Cramping - Abdominal pain - Soft or semi-formed stool - Pain/tenderness in RLQ - Anorexia - Weight loss - Anemia - Fatigue - Malabsorption/ malnutrition
48
Treatment of Crohn's Disease
- Identify stressors that cause exacerbation of symptoms - Anti-inflammatory medications - Anti-motility agents - Nutritional supplements - Surgery - Immunotherapeutic agents
49
Ulcerative Colitis
- Inflammation of rectum that progresses through the colon | - Cause is unknown
50
Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis
- Diarrhea - Blood, pus and mucus in stool - Cramping pain - Tenesmus (Persistent spasms of the rectum) - Rectal bleeding - Iron-deficiency anemia - Fever - Weight loss
51
Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
- Identify stressors that cause exacerbation of symptoms - Anti-inflammatory medications - Anti-motility agents - Nutritional supplements - Surgery - Immunotherapeutic agents
52
Appendicitis
Inflammation and infection in the vermiform appendix
53
Cause of Appendicitis
Most commonly a blockage causing infection
54
Signs and Symptoms of Appendicitis
- General periumbilical pain - Nausea - Vomiting - Localized pain and tenderness in LRQ - Low-grade fever
55
Treatment of Appendicitis
Surgical removal of the appendix and antimicrobial drugs
56
Diverticular Disease
- Refers to various problems related to the development of diverticulitis - May be congenital or acquired
57
What is a Diverticulum
A herniation of the mucosa through the muscle layer of the colon wall
58
What is Diverticulitis
Acute episode of inflammation of the diverticula
59
Cause of Diverticulitis
- Usually develop naturally due to weak places in the colon | - As a result of inflammation or infection
60
Signs and Symptoms of Diverticular Disease
- Asymptomatic - Mild discomfort - Diarrhea or constipation
61
Treatment of Diverticular Disease
During acute episodes food intake is reduced and antimicrobial drugs are given - Omitting foods such as seeds and popcorn - Encouraging regular bowel movements
62
Colorectal Cancer
Development of cancer in parts of the large intestine
63
Cause of Colorectal Cancer
Exact cause remains unknown
64
Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
- Change in bowel habits - Rectal bleeding - Persistent abdominal discomfort - Feeling that bowel doesn't empty completely - Weakness or fatigue - Weight loss
65
Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
- Surgical removal of the involved area - Radiation - Chemotherapy - Medications
66
Intestinal Obstruction
Lack of movement of the intestinal contents through the intestine
67
Cause of Intestinal Obstruction
- Mechanical obstructions (Tumors, adhesion's,hernias) | - Functional obstructions (neurologic impairment, spinal cord injury)
68
Signs and Symptoms of an Intestinal Obstruction
- Vomiting - Abdominal distention - Restlessness - Tachycardia - Diaphoresis - Abdominal pain
69
Treatment of an Intestinal Obstruction
- Underlying cause is treated - Fluids and electrolytes are replaced - Surgery and antimicrobial therapy

Patho Final (5 decks)

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