Module 13: Blood and Lymphatic Disorders Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
What does the Circulatory System consist of?
A
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic system
2
Q
Blood Vessels
A
- Arteries - blood away from heart
- Veins - blood returns to the heart
- Capillaries - micro-circulation within tissues
- Gas exchange occurs in capillaries
3
Q
What is the function of blood?
A
- Transport oxygen and nutrients
- Remove waste products
- Defense/Immunity
- Maintaining homeostasis
4
Q
What is the composition of blood?
A
- Plasma (proteins)
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
5
Q
What are Erythrocytes?
A
- Red blood cells
- Flexible discs
- No nucleus
- Contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
- Life span is 120 days
- EPO hormone (erythropoetin) is produced in the kidney and stimulates erythrocyte production
6
Q
What are the 3 steps to blood clotting?
A
1) Vasoconstriction/vascular spams
2) Platelet plug - clot
3) Coagulation
7
Q
How are clots formed?
A
- Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
- Thrombin converts to fibrin
- Fibrin forms a net to trap cells
- Platelet forms platelet plug
- RBC’s involved in coagulation
- Repair - Clot will shrink and retract pulling edges of tissue together
8
Q
What is blood typing?
A
Blood typing is based on antigens in the plasma membrane of the erythrocytes - Rh element
- A, B and O
- Antibodies in the blood plasma
9
Q
What is the Rh system?
A
Determines the antigen in the plasma membrane
- Antigen D in plasma = positive
- Absence of antigen D = negative
10
Q
What is the function of the Lymphatic system?
A
- Defense and Immune response
- Return excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system
- Vessels empty into the subclavian veins.
- Filter and destroy foreign material
- Absorb lipids from the GI tract
11
Q
What is Lymph?
A
- Clear, watery, isotonic fluid
- Circulates in lymphatic vessels
- Resembles blood plasma, with a lower protein content
- Returned to the cardiovascular system
12
Q
Lymphatic Circulation
A
- Attaches to capillaries in tissues
- Right lymphatic duct- drains into right subclavian vein
- Thoracic duct - drains into left subclavian vein
13
Q
What are some blood therapies?
A
- Whole blood, packed red blood cells, packed platelets
- Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions
- Artificial blood products
- Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
- Drug treatment
- EPO therapy
14
Q
Iron Deficiency Anemia
A
- Insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
- Very common
- Frequently sign of an underlying problem
15
Q
Iron Deficiency Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
A
- Pallor of skin and mucous membranes
- Fatigue
- Lethargy
- Cold intolerance
- Irritability
- Degenerative changes
- Menstrual irregularities
- Delayed healing
- Tachycardia
- Heart palpitations
- Dyspnea
- Syncope
16
Q
Pernicious Anemia
A
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Lack of absorption of vitamin B12 because of lack of intrinsic factor
17
Q
Pernicious Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
A
- Weakness
- Headaches
- Chest pain
- Weight loss
18
Q
Aplastic Anemia - What is it and Signs and Symptoms
A
- Autoimmune disease which blood cells fail to produce - Lowers immunity
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
- Rapid or irregular heart rate
- Pale skin
- Frequent or prolonged infections
- Unexplained or easy bruising
- Nosebleeds/bleeding gums
- Skin rash
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Fever
19
Q
Hemolytic Anemia
A
- Results from excessive destruction of RBC’s
- Genetic defects
- Immune reactions
- Changes in blood chemistry
20
Q
Hemolytic Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
A
- Pale skin
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Confusion
- Light headed
- Dizziness
- Weakness
- Inability to do physical activity
21
Q
Sickle Cell Anemia
A
- Genetic condition
- More common in individuals of African ancestry
- Abnormal hemoglobin
- Crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered
- Blood cells are to large to pass through the circulation
- Can lead to necrosis
22
Q
Sickle Cell Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
A
- Severe pain
- Pallor
- Weakness
- Tachycardia
- Dyspnea
- Jaundice
- Infarction’s
- CHF
23
Q
Sickle Cell Anemia - Treatement
A
- Immunization
- Dietary Supplement with folic acid
- Bone marrow transplant
24
Q
Hemophilia A
A
- Classic hemophilia and most common
- Genetic deficiency in clotting factor 8 (mostly males)
- Causes increased bleeding
25
Hemophilia A - Signs and Symptoms
- Hematuria
- Blood in feces
- Prolonged bleeding after minor trauma
- Spontaneous bleeding into joints
26
Hemophilia A - Treatments
- Desmopressin (DDAVP) - man-made form of vasopressin
| - Replacement therapy for factor 8
27
von Willebrand disease
Most common hereditary clotting disorder
| - missing or defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) a clotting protein which helps form the platelet plug
28
von Willebrand disease - Signs and Symptoms
- Skin rashes
- Frequent nosebleeds
- Easy bruising
- Bleeding of gums
- Abnormal menstrual bleeding
29
von Willebrand disease - Treatment
- Desmopressin (DDAVP) medication
| - Treatment based on type and severity
30
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Involves both excessive bleeding and clotting in circulation
- Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level
- Uncontrollable hemorrhage
- High fatality rate
31
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Signs and Symptoms
- Bleeding
- Blood clots.
- Bruising
- Hypotension
- Dyspnea
- Confusion
- Fever
32
Polycythemia - Primary
- Increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow
- Neoplastic disorder
33
Polycythemia - Secondary
Increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia
34
Polycythemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Distended blood vessels
- Sluggish blood flow
- Hypertension
- Hypertrophied heart
- Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)
- Splenomegaly (spleen becomes enlarged)
- Dyspnea
- Headaches
- Visual disturbances
- Thromboses
- Infarctions
35
Polycythemia - Treatments
- Identify specific cause
- Medications
- Radiation
- Suppression of bone marrow activity
- Periodic phlebotomy
36
Leukemia
- Group of neoplastic disorders involving white blood cells
- Uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes
- Undifferentiated, immature, and nonfunctional leukocytes
37
Acute leukemia
High proportion of immature nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation
38
Chronic leukemia
Higher proportion of mature cells but with reduced function
39
Acute Leukemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Frequent or uncontrolled infections
- Petechiae
- Signs of anemia
- Severe bone pain
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver
- Headache
- Visual disturbances
- Drowsiness
- Vomiting
40
Hodgkin lymphoma
Initially involves a single lymph node but cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
41
Hodgkin lymphoma - Signs and Symptoms
- Painless enlarged lymph node
- Weight loss
- Anemia,
- Low-grade fever
- Night sweats
- Fatigue
42
Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Surgery
43
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Similar to Hodgkin lymphoma (Signs and Treatment)
| - Partially caused by HIV infection
44
Multiple Myeloma
- Neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma cells in bone marrow
- Unknown cause
- Multiple tumors in bone
- Prognosis poor with short life expectancy
45
Multiple Myeloma- Signs and Symptoms
- Pain
- Anemia
- Bleeding
- Impaired kidney function and eventually failure
46
Multiple Myeloma- Treatment
- Chemotherapy to encourage remission
| - Supportive Treatment (survival is 3 years)
47
Lymphedema
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
48
Lymphedema - Signs and Symptoms
- Swelling of lymph nodes
- Pain
- Limited ROM
- Aching or discomfort
49
Lymphedema - Treatments
- Diuretics
- Bed rest
- Massage
- PT
- Elevation
