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Patho Final > Module 10: Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Module 10: Infection and Immunity Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Microorganisms

A
  • Small living forms

- Include bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses

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2
Q

Nonpathogenic Microorganisms

A
  • Usually do not cause disease unless conditions change
  • Part of normal flora
  • Often beneficial
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3
Q

Pathogenic Microorganisims

A

-Disease-causing microbes

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4
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • Unicellular (single cell)
  • Do not require living tissue to survive
  • Divide by binary fission
  • No nuclear membrane
  • Vary in shape and size
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5
Q

Major Groups of Bacteria (3)

A
  • Bacilli (rod-shaped)
  • Spirochetes (Spiral forms)
  • Cocci (Spherical forms)
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6
Q

Virus

A

A very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires a living host cell for replication

  • Tend to mutate during replication
  • Can be difficult to control due to their unique characteristics
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7
Q

Active Viral Infection

A
  • Attaches to host cell
  • Viral genetic material enters the cell
  • Viral DNA or RNA takes control of cell
  • Uses host’s cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids
  • New viruses are assembled in cytoplasm
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8
Q

Latent Viral Infection

A
  • Virus enters cell
  • Viral proteins are produced and intserted into membrane of host cell
  • May reproduce actively if immune system is depressed
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9
Q

Areas of body with resident flora

A
  • Skin
  • Nasal cavity
  • Mouth
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Vagina
  • Distal urethra and perineum
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10
Q

Nonsocomial Infections

A

Infections that occur in healthcare facilities (Ex. UTI, MRSA)

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11
Q

Local signs of infection

A
  • Swelling
  • Erythema (redness)
  • Pain and tenderness
  • Lymphadenopathy (abnormal size of lymph notes)
  • Purulent exudate
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12
Q

Systemic signs of infection

A
  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis (High WBC count)
  • Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
  • Headache
  • Arthralgia (joint pain)
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13
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Infection

A
  • Culture and Sensitivity
  • Blood tests (WBC, C-Reactive protein, ESR)
  • Immunological testing of body fluids
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14
Q

Treatment for Infection

A
  • Antimicrobial drug therapy (Anti-fungal, Anti-viral, Anti-bacterial, Anti-protozoa)
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAID’s
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15
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Body’s defense system against disease

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16
Q

What is non-specific defence?

A
  • Body’s automatic defense
  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
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17
Q

What is specific defense?

A

Antibodies are produced to fight an infection

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18
Q

Anatomy of the Immune System

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Thymus
  • Lymph fluid
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Immune cells: lymphocyte (Cells which fight infection), macrophages (monocytes, engulf foreign material)
  • Histamine
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19
Q

What is an antigen?

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A

Exogenous substances that induces an immune response in the body

20
Q

What is humoral immunity?

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A

Antibodies produced to protect the body found in body fluid

21
Q

What is Cell – Mediated Immunity?

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A

Lymphocyte cells attacking foreign substances to protect the body
ex) Killer T lymphocytes and Macrophage

22
Q

Name the types of Anti-bodies (5)

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A

1) igg - found in blood
2) Igm - immune cells
3) iga - secretion (tears, saliva
4) Ige - allergic response
5) igd - B lymphocytes

23
Q

What is Natural immunity?

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A
  • Species specific

- Ability to resist infection naturally

24
Q

What is Innate immunity?

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A

Adaptive immunity passed from genetics

25
What is Active Natural immunity?
Natural exposure to a pathogen and the development of antibodies to that pathogen
26
What is Active artificial immunity?
Antigen is introduced to the body so it triggers an antibody response
27
What is Passive natural immunity?
Igg antibodies (blood) is transferred from mother to a fetus via placenta
28
What is Passive artificial immunity?
Injection of the antibody in order to protect us from the antigen for a short term ex) Tetanus Vaccine
29
What are some diagnostic tests to test immunity?
- Titer (measures immunoglobulin serum) - WBC's - Coombs test - MHC testing (matches tissue before transplants)
30
What is immunodeficiency mean?
- Partial/total loss of immunity | - Increased risk of infection and cancers
31
Primary immunodeficiency
Developmental failure in immunity | ex) Immune deficiency for a specific organ
32
Secondary immunodeficiency
Acquired immunodeficiency from specific causes | ex) Chemo, Radiation, Malnutrition
33
Predisposition immunodeficiency
Development of infections due to a predisposing factor (genetics) and can be difficult to treat
34
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction by an allergen
35
Type 1 Hypersensitivity - Signs and Symptoms
- Rash/hives - Itchiness - Sneezing - Coughing - Dyspnea - Edema - Airway obstruction - Anaphylaxis – life threatening - Hypotension
36
Type 1 Hypersensitivity - Treatments
- Bronchodilators - Antihistamine - Avoid triggers - Holistic remedies - EPI pen (epinephrine) - Oxygen therapy
37
Hypersensitivity II - Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- Allergic reaction that the cells in the body are destroyed by antibodies - Circulating igg’s (blood antibodies) with antigen - Can happen during an incompatible blood transfusion - blood becomes thick and sticky
38
Hypersensitivity III - Immune complex hypersensitivity
- Antigen combines with antibody and forms complex immunity | - Causes inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis
39
Hypersensitivity IV
Delayed response by T lymphocytes which causes an inflammation response and destruction of antigen - Allergic skin rash
40
What is SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
- Chronic inflammatory disease - Inflammation and necrosis in organ systems - Higher in African Americas, Native Americas, Asians and Hispanic’s
41
SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Signs and Symptoms
- Butterfly rash on face - Fatigue - Malaise - Cardiovascular issues - Polyuria
42
SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Treatment
Anti-Inflammatory Medication - Glucocorticoid's and NSAID’s
43
What is HIV/AIDS?
- Chronic infections disease - HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) - AIDS develops from untreated or progressed HIV - Multiple immune complications
44
HIV/AIDS - Cause
- HIV destroys helper T cells (lymphocytes) - Lowers immune responses - Passed by blood or sexually transmitted fluids (semen, vaginal fluid)
45
HIV/AIDS - Signs and Symptoms
- Fatigue - Weakness - Headache - GI issues - Weight loss - Lymph-edema - Encephalopathy – AIDS dementia - Cognitive issues – brain cells can become infected
46
HIV/AIDS - Treatment
- Antiviral - Medical therapies for symptoms - Various medications to decrease the progression of disease

Patho Final (5 decks)

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