Module 14 Special Senses

Question 1

aur/o

Answer 1

ear

Question 2

cochle/o

Answer 2

cochlea

Question 3

lith/o

Answer 3

stone

Question 4

ocul/o

Answer 4

eye

Question 5

ophthalm/o

Answer 5

eye

Question 6

ot/o

Answer 6

ear

Question 7

presby/o

Answer 7

old age

Question 8

propri/o

Answer 8

own

Question 9

tympan/o

Answer 9

eardrum

Question 10

general senses

Answer 10

touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold, pain

Question 11

special senses

Answer 11

have complex sense organs located only in the head such as eye and ear; used for taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and vision

Question 12

thermoreceptors

Answer 12

detect heat and cold

Question 13

mecanoreceptors

Answer 13

detect touch, vibration, stretch, and pressure; stimulated by mechanically disturbing the dendrite of the neuron

Question 14

nociceptors

Answer 14

pain receptors that detect tissue injury or potential tissue injury; receptors may be stimulated by a chemical, temperature, or mechanical disturbance

Question 15

4 kinds of information transmitted to the brain from the receptors of the general senses:

Answer 15

1. type of sensation
2. location
3. intensity
4. duration

Question 16

pathway for pain

Answer 16

unipolar neuron - spinal cord- medulla oblongata- pons- midbrain- thalamus- parietal lobe OR unipolar neuron- spinal cord- reticular formation0 hypothalamus and limbic system

Question 17

gustation

Answer 17

taste; approximately 10k taste buds most being on tongue but some on lining of cheeks and on throughout the mouth

Question 18

lingual papillae

Answer 18

bumps on the tongue; most contain multiple taste buds

Question 19

cell types of the taste buds

Answer 19

1. taste cells (sensory cells)
2. basal cells
3. support cells

Question 20

5 primary tastes:

Answer 20

1. salt
2. sweet
3. sour
4. bitter
5. umami

Question 21

pathway for taste

Answer 21

cranial nerve- medulla oblongata- hypothalamus (for salivation, gagging, emotional responses)
AND cranial nerve- medulla oblongata- pons- midbrain- thalamus- parietal lobe

Question 22

olfaction

Answer 22

sense of smell; about 12mil olfactory receptor cells; receptors located in the olfactory mucosa of the roof of the nasal cavity

Question 23

pathway for olfaction

Answer 23

bipolar neuron- CN1- temporal lobe- frontal lobe (also to hypothalamus and amygdala for reactive responses like coughing, and sneezing)

Question 24

hertz

Answer 24

Hz; measures pitch in cycles per second

Question 25

ossicles

Answer 25

3 small bones in the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and the stapes

Question 26

eustachian tube

Answer 26

aka auditory tube; normally flattened and closed, but opens during yawning or swallowing to allow air to enter the middle ear

Question 27

static equilibrium

Answer 27

perceived when the head is stationary or moving in a straight line

Question 28

dynamic equilibrium

Answer 28

perceived when the head is rotating

Question 29

vestibular apparatus

Answer 29

contains receptors for both types of equilibrium

Question 30

saccule

Answer 30

used to perceive vertical movement of the head, as going up/down in an elevator

Question 31

utricle

Answer 31

used for horizontal movement of the head, as in acceleration in a car

Question 32

otolith

Answer 32

calcium carbonate and protein granules which are suspended in the otolithic membrane

Question 33

semicircular canals

Answer 33

perceives dynamic equilibrium (transverse, coronal, and sagittal planes)

Question 34

orbital region

Answer 34

contains: eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, and tarsal glands

Question 35

conjunctiva

Answer 35

a thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white, exposed surface of the eye; secretes a mucous film to prevent the eye from drying

Question 36

3 layers of the eyeball:

Answer 36

1. sclera- outermost layer 2. uvea- middle layer 3. retina- innermost layer

Question 37

uvea

Answer 37

3 regions: choroid layer, ciliary body, and the iris

Question 38

retina

Answer 38

contains rods and cones (photoreceptors) and associated neurons important for vision; axons of the bipolar neurons come together to leave the retina to form the optic nerve

Question 39

rods

Answer 39

used for gray-scale and low-light conditions

Question 40

cones

Answer 40

used for color vision and are responsible for the best visual acuity