Module 9 Lymphatic System

Question 1

interstitial fluid

Answer 1

extracellular fluid out in the tissues; washes over the tissues delivering nutrients to the cells and washing away wastes, cellular debris, viruses, bacteria and loose cells

Question 2

two collecting ducts

Answer 2

thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct

Question 3

natural killer cells

Answer 3

NK Cells; large lymphocytes that are important in nonspecific defense; destroy bacteria, fight against trasplanted tissues, attack cells infected by viruses, and destroy cancer cells

Question 4

T lymphocytes

Answer 4

T cells; migrate from red bone marrow to the thymus gland where they mature

Question 5

B lymphocytes

Answer 5

B Cells; migrate from red bone marrow to lymphoid tissues; also functions as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by constantly sampling material from their environment, processing it, and displaying it for other cells to see.

Question 6

2 types of B cells:

Answer 6

B Plasma cells- produce antibodies which are dissolved proteins in plasma that seek out specific foreign antigens for their destruction
B Memory cells- remember pathogens that have been introduced to that repeat exposure can be fought more swiftly

Question 7

dendritic cells

Answer 7

immune system cells of the epidermis that stand guard to alert the body of pathogens entering through the skin; also function as APCs

Question 8

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Answer 8

MALT; scattering of lymphocytes located throughout the mucous membranes lining tracts to the outside environment, such as the tracts for the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; stands guard against any pathogens trying to enter the body

Question 9

Peyer’s Patches

Answer 9

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the distal end of the small intestine; example of more densely packed pockets of lymphocytes called nodules

Question 10

lymph nodes

Answer 10

remove anything that may be potentially harmful in lymph; packed with lymphocytes and macrophages where fibers trap debris, cells and bacteria picked up by the lymph

Question 11

3 types of tonsils:

Answer 11

one pharyngeal (adenoids), two palatine, and numerous lingual tonsils

Question 12

germinal centers

Answer 12

the site in the lymph node responsible for cloning lymphocytes

Question 13

two lines of nonspecific defense:

Answer 13

1. External barriers- skin, mucous membranes

2. inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever, and other active attacks

Question 14

Inflammation: process-

Answer 14

1. increased blood flow due to dilation of vessels (redness and heat), increased permeability (swelling and pain), increased cell division and healing.
2. WBCs stick to the walls of the dilated vessels in the inflamed area (margination)
3. WBCs crawl through the vessel walls (diapedesis)
4. WBCs move to where the concentration of chemicals from damaged tissues is the greatest (chemotaxis)
5. WBCs phagocytize foreign material, debris, and pathogens along the way (phagocytosis)

Question 15

Fever-

Answer 15

initiated by the production of pyrogens from activated macrophages; travel to the hypothalamus which then raises the set point for body temp; one new set point is reached (a stage called stadium), the liver and spleen hoard zinc and iron needed for bacteria growth; once defeated hypothalamus resents temp to normal

Question 16

specific immunity

Answer 16

require prior exposure;

Question 17

antigen-presenting cells

Answer 17

APCs;
process of presenting:
1. phagocytosis of antigen
2.lysosome fuses with vesicle containing the antigen
3. enzymes from lysosome and the antigen mix
4. enzymes break down the antigen
5. antigen residue is exocytosed
6. antigen fragment (epitope) is displayed on an MHC protein

Question 18

MHC protein

Answer 18

Major histocompatibility complex; like a billboard posting what the APC has sampled

Question 19

humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Answer 19

involves B cells making antibodies to attack foreign antigen;

process:
1. antigen presentation and T helper cell recognition
2. Cloning and differentiation
3. Antibody production for the attack

Question 20

Active Immunity: Passive

Answer 20

indicates that the immunity was acquired through someone or something else (like a horse or a pig)

Question 21

Active Immunity: Active

Answer 21

indicates that the body actively created its own immunity

Question 22

Active Immunity: Natural

Answer 22

indicates the immunity was accomplished through naturally occurring means

Question 23

Active Immunity: Artificial

Answer 23

indicates the immunity was NOT acquired through naturally occurring means

Question 24

neutrophils

Answer 24

fight bacteria

Question 25

basophils

Answer 25

release histamine to promote inflammation

Question 26

eosinophils

Answer 26

attack worm parasites

Question 27

monocytes

Answer 27

become macrophages to phagocytize bacteria

Question 28

Cellular (Cell-mediated) Immunity

Answer 28

``` specific immunity; Process: 1. Antigen recognition 2. Co stimulation 3. cloning and differentiation 4. Lethal hit or interleukin secretion for other outcomes ```

Question 29

lymphadenopathy

Answer 29

swollen glands

Question 30

lymph

Answer 30

clear fluid that is made up of water, WBCs, proteins, and fats that have filtered out of blood vessels into the spaces between cells

Question 31

lymphadenitis

Answer 31

used when swollen lymph nodes are painful or have signs of inflammation

Question 32

Causes of swollen lymph nodes:

Answer 32

Most common: Upper respiratory infections, infections in tissues near the swollen lymph node, dental infection Most Dangerous: Cancer, HIV, tuberculosis

Question 33

Warning signs of swollen lymph nodes:

Answer 33

node is more than an inch in diameter, node that is draining pus, node that feels hard, risk factors for HIV or tuberculosis, fever, unexplained weight loss

Question 34

cancers that cause swollen lymph nodes:

Answer 34

leukemias (typically chronic and sometimes acute lymphocytic leukemia), lymphomas, metastatic cancers (often of the head and neck, thyroid, breast, or lung)

Question 35

connective tissue disorders that cause swollen lymph nodes:

Answer 35

systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, Kawasaki disease