Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > Module 8 Blood Systems > Flashcards

Module 8 Blood Systems Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

albumins

A

transport proteins dissolved in plasma; ex. plasma protein that binds to thyroid hormone to extend its half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

globulins

A

plasma proteins; ex. antibodies produced by WBCs to fight foreign pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fibrinogen

A

clotting protein dissolved in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

serum

A

plasma with fibrinogen and clotting factors removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

formed elements of blood

A

RBCs, WBCs and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

basophil

A

0-2% of all WBCs; has S- or U- shaped nucleus; releases histamine and heparin for defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

histamine

A

released by basophils to dilate vessels bringing more blood to an area to increase leukocytes to move into injured tissues more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

heparin

A

released by basophils; anticoagulant allowing other leukocytes to move more freely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

monocytes

A

4-8% total WBCs; largest WBC; migrate to tissues where they become macrophages and eat dead and dying tissue, microorganisms and any other foreign matter/debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

thrombocytes

A

aka platelets; cell fragments; secrete vasoconstrictors to slow the flow of blood, secrete clotting factors, form platelet plugs, secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to inflammation, destroy bacteria, and secrete growth factors to stimulate repairing of vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hemopoiesis

A

blood production; continual process designed to meet the demand of replacing circulating cell that have worn out or been lost through bleeding; occurs by hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pluripotent

A

(describing hemocytoblasts); means it can become any one of seven different types of formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myeloid hemopoiesis

A

production of all the formed elements in the red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphoid hemopoiesis

A

sites of formed elements outside of bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

liver and kidneys product thrombopoietin which causes hemocytoblast to grow into a megakaryocyte which eventually breaks apart into many platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

leukopoiesis

A

lymphocytes and macrophages in tissues produce colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). the CSFs travel to red bone marrow and produces a specific type of leukocyte; once produced granulocytes and monocytes are stored in red bone marrow until needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

erythropoiesis

A

kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO) when body is hypoxemic; EPO travels to red bone marrow where it is made into RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

high altitudes, lung disorders, exercise, exposure to CO, and blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hemoglobin

A

red, complex protein made of 4 chains of amino acids called globins; each chain contains a heme group with iron at its center so that if can bind to one O2 molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis

A

iron, folic acid, B12, copper, and vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hemostasis

A

“stopping of bleeding”; 3-step process: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
coagulation
fibrinogen dissolves and reforms as a solid fiber called fibrin; fibrin then acts as a net to trap blood cells and platelets to form a solid clot
26
two pathways of blood clotting
extrinsic: begun by damaged tissues, faster intrinsic: stared by platelets, slower
27
clot retraction
once clot is formed, platelets shrink to draw the edges of the broken vessel together and then secrete growth factors to encourage cells to undergo mitosis to repair the break
28
fibrinolysis
plasminogen changes to plasmin which dissolves blood clots
29
thrombus
stationary, unwanted clot
30
embolus
moving unnecessary clot
31
control mechanisms to prevent unwanted clotting:
1. platelet repulsion- vessel walls are smooth to prevent platelets sticking 2. dilution- thrombin is always present in circulation, but diluted so it doesn't accumulate enough to change fibrinogen to fibrin 3. anticoagulants- ex. liver produces antithrombin which deactivates circulating
32
antigen
molecules that may or may not be on the surface of blood cells; have unique shapes; determines blood type; two basic groups: ABO and Rh
33
antibodies
dissolved proteins in plasma; ex. Anti-A antibodies react to A antigens
34
functions of blood
1. transportation- nutrients, wastes, oxygen, CO2, temperature, hormones 2. protection- white blood cells fighting foreign pathogens 3. regulation-buffer pH, fluid balance in tissues, homeostasis
35
acute myeloid leukemia
AML; this cancer causes abnormal granulocytes to proliferate in the bone marrow; prevent WBCs from growing; symptoms: abnormal bleeding, bruising, bone pain, fatigue, fever, skin rash, and weight loss
36
chronic myeloid leukemia
CML; rapid grown of immature granulocytes in bone marrow; 3 phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis
37
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ALL; most common type of leukemia in children; symptoms: bone and joint pain, abnormal bruising and bleeding, fatigue, fever, weight loss, petechiae, swollen glands, night sweats
38
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
age 70+; affects b lymphocytes, causing cancerous cells to spread
39
polycythemia
condition of too many cells in the blood; two forms of this disorder: primary polycythemia & secondary polycythemia
40
anemia
disorder that results from insufficient RBCs or hemoblobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis; 3 categories: inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin production, excessive bleeding (hemorrhagic anemia), and red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia)
41
clotting disorders
1. hemophilia- inherited disorder caused by the inability to make one or more clotting factors 2. thrombocytopenia- low platelet count, one sign is excessive bruising after minor trauma 3. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)- widespread coagulation of blood in unbroken vessels caused by abnormally active blood clotting proteins
42
leaflet
thin, flat structure like the heart valves
43
lumon
tubular space within the artery or vein
44
incompetent
a collapsed or blocked vessel that can no longer function normally
45
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
46
occlusion
state of being closed
47
patent
open, accessible
48
malaise
generalized weakness, fatigue
49
embolus
thrombus that has traveled through the vascular system
50
GSW
gun shot wound
51
pledget
small cotton compress used to absorb fluid, apply medication or to exclude air
52
midCAB
minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (ICD-10 Root Operation- Bypass)
53
hypokalemia
AKA hypopotassemia; low potassium in the blood
54
comatose
in a coma state of unconsciousness where you cannot be aroused or awakened
55
angina
AKA angina pectoris; intense chest pain caused by inadequate blood supply and oxygen to the heart muscle
56
pericardial tamponade
acute build-up of fluid in the pericardium of the heart; life threatening condition; treatment includes thoracentesis
57
endarterectomy
opening of the artery and removing palque and other occluded materials to restore blood flow (ICD-10 Root Operation- extirpation)
58
ischemia
oxygen deficiency- temporary deficiency of blood supple due to and obstruction
59
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and valves; patients must be given ABT as a prophylactic (preventative) treatment against a bacterial infection before any invasive procedure such as a root canal
60
infarction
necrosis due to lack of blood supply
61
bruit
aka murmur; abnormal sound produced by blood passin gthrough a narrowed artery; soft, blowing sound heard on ausculatation
62
insufficiency
improper closer of a blood vessel
63
palpitation
subjective feeling like your heart is not beating normally
64
perfusion
circulation of the blood
65
cardiomyopathy
a weakening of the hear or disease that reduces the normal cardiac function
66
bacteremia
bacteria traveling in the bloodstream
67
prophylactic treatment
antibiotic therapy (ABT) to protect against infections prior to invasive procedures
68
abdominal aortic aneurysm
AAA; an enlargement or ballooning of the aortic artery that runs from the heart down the midline of the torso; "the silent killer"
69
anastamosis
rejoining of a tubular body part to restore flow through them
70
Coronary artery disease
CAD; refers to any disease that interferes with the ability of the arteries to deliver sufficient blood to the myocardium
71
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTCA; minimally invasive procedure where a deflated balloon is inserted into the diseased blood vessel and then inflated to open the artery
72
coronary artery bypass graft
more invasive that PTCA; bypass blocked portion of the coronary artery from another piece of blood vessel from the leg or an artery in the chest (single, double, triple, quadruple)
73
arteriosclerosis
physical hardening of the arterial walls causing them to become thick and brittle
74
atherosclerosis
hardened plaque within the arterial walls; removed by a root operation called extirpation
75
hypercholesterolemia
aka hyperlipidemia; elevated lipids in bloodstream causing elevated cholesterol level; treated with statins
76
myxoma
benign tumor that is cancer in the heart
77
beta-blockers
prescribed for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias; ex. Toprol-XL
78
Diuretics
used to reduce fluid build-up in the body; sometimes used for hypertension
79
statins
used to treat hypercholesterolemia to reduce cholesterol in bloodstream as well as amount produced by the liver
80
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
ACE inhibitors; used to lower blood pressure; ex. Capoten and Vasotec
81
antiarrythmics
used to correct cardia arrhythmias; ex. Propranolol
82
Calcium channel blockers
prescribed to treat angina pectoris, HTN, HF; ex. Verapamil, Diltiazem (Cardizem)
83
Nitrates
used to dilate blood vessels to increase oxygen delivery; ex. Nitroglycerin
84
Peripheral Vasodilators
used to treat peripheral vascular disease (PVD); ex. Cyclan
85
leukemia
blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of WBCs; the WBCs crowd out the RBCs and platelets that the body needs to be healthy
86
leukemia causes and risks
smokers, exposded to a lot of radiation or certain chemicals, had radiation therapy or chemotherapy to treat cancer, family history of leukemia, genetic disorder like down syndrome
87
leukemia: acute vs chronic
acute: most of the abnormal blood cells don't mature and don't carry out normal functions; progresses fast chronic: there are some immature cells, but other are normal and can work the way they should; progresses slower
88
leukemia: lymphocytic vs myelogenous
lymphocytic (lymphoblastic)- involves bone marrow cells that become lymphocytes myelogenous (myeloid)- involves marrow cells that create RBCs, platelets, and other kinds of WBCs
89
acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALL; most common form of leukemia in children; can spread to lymph nodes and CNS
90
acute myelogenous leukemia
AML; second most common form of childhood leukemia and one of the most common in adults
91
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CLL; other most common form in adults; could be stable for years and not need treatment or sometimes body can't create normal blood cells and requires treatment
92
chronic myelogenous leukemia
CML; may not have noticeable symptoms; 65+ in age increases risk
93
leukemia diagnosis
need to check in bone marrow or blood; including: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, spinal tap, imaging tests
94
leukemia treatments
chemotherapy, radiation, biologic therapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplant, surgery
95
excision
procedure that cuts off or cuts out a portion of a body party without replacing the part removed; ex. removal of one lymph node for look for malignant cells
96
resection
procedure that cots out all of a body part with out replacement; ex. lumpectomy results with malignant cells so they remove entire lymph node chain
97
extraction
procedure that pulls off or out without replacement some or all of a body part; ex. bone marrow aspiration to see if cancer has metastasized to bone marrow

A&P (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions