Module 16 Week 4 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What are the main mechanical disorders of the oesophagus/oral cavity in a horse?
A
persistent entrapment of the epiglottis,pharyngeal mass,tongue foreign body,tongue base neoplasia,severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
3
Q
What is the main anatomical abnormality of the oesophagus/oral cavity in a horse?
A
palatoschisis
4
Q
What are the main neurological issues of the oesophagus/oral cavity in a horse?
A
guttural pouch mycosis,guttural pouch neoplasia
5
Q
What are the clinical signs of mechanical disorders associated with dysphagia in horses?
A
gagging + neck stretching when attempting to swallow,nasal regurgitation of feed or saliva,slow feed composition,particularly slow to eat forage
6
Q
What diagnostic investigations should be performed in a horse with dysphagia?
A
oral examination of tongue base and ranula,palpation- retropharyngeal region and oesophagus,can a stomach tube be passed?,further imaging- endoscopy and radiography
7
Q
What is glossitis?
A
inflammation of the tongue
8
Q
What are the clinical signs of glossitis in horses?
A
slow chewing and deglutition
9
Q
What are the possible DDx for glossitis in horses?
A
tongue foreign body,tongue squamous cell carcinoma,sialolith
10
Q
What diagnostics should you do in a horse with glossitis?
A
may need to place probe,radiography and CT,histopathology to rule out neoplasia
11
Q
What are the management strategies for glossitis in horses?
A
debridement and lavage,topical or systemic metronidazole
12
Q
What is temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
A
bone develops arthritis of temporohyoid joint
13
Q
What are the clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in horses?
A
slow chewing and deglutition,head tilt
14
Q
What nerve may be involved in temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in horses?
A
CN VIII
15
Q
What diagnostics should you do in a horse with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
A
endoscopic assessment,decreased joint movement,radiography/CT to determine the extent
16
Q
What are the management strategies for horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
A
conservative,ceratohyoidectomy
17
Q
What is palatoschisis?
A
cleft palate
18
Q
How does palatoschisis present in neonate horses?
A
difficulty nursing,aspiration pneumonia,may leak water/milk out nostrils,epiglottis rests on tongue
19
Q
How does congenital palatoschisis occur?
A
embryonic palatal folds fuse rostral to caudal
20
Q
What is the most common form of palatoschisis in horses?
A
caudal 1/3 to 2/3 of soft palate is most common
21
Q
What are the clinical signs of glossopharyngeal nerve damage in horses?
A
chronic nasal discharge and slow ingestion,concurrent aspiration pneumonia,intermittent epistaxis
22
Q
What diagnostics would you do on a horse with glossopharyngeal nerve damage?
A
endoscopy of URT and guttural pouches,assess pharyngeal sensation and coordination
23
Q
What are possible DDx of glossopharyngeal nerve damage in horses?
A
guttural pouch masses,guttural pouch mycosis
24
Q
What is the prognosis for glossopharyngeal nerve damage in horses?
A
variable
25
What nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
IX
26
What is the prognosis of glossopharyngeal nerve damage due to guttural pouch mycosis?
guarded prognosis
27
What are the clinical signs seen with acute equine dysautonomia?
ptyalism,dysphagia,retrogradal peristalsis
28
What does equine dysautonomia damage?
enteric plexus plus cranial nerve nuclei
29
What is a cause of linear oesophageal ulceration in a horse?
acute grass sickness,prolonged gastric reflux
30
What is a sign of linear oesophageal ulceration in a horse?
extreme pain on passage of a NGT
31
What is the clinical presentation of simple oesophageal obstruction in horses?
bilateral nasal regurg of feed and saliva,gagging/retching/neck stretching,coughing
32
How do you diagnose a simple oesophageal obstruction in horses?
feed material in green nasal discharge,resentment of cranial oesophageal palpation,resistance to passage of nasogastric tube,attempts to eat followed by coughing
33
How do you manage simple oesophageal obstruction in horses?
nasogastric tubing,broad spec antibiotics if necessary,NSAIDs,soft diet for 7 days post relief of obstruction,thoracic radiography to determine severity if choke of >12hr duration
34
Where is a simple oesophageal obstruction most likely to be found in horses?
dorsal oesophagus,thoracic inlet,cardia
35
What is done when placing a NGT in a horse with a simple oesophageal obstruction?
heavy sedation +lavage,feed material should exit via opposite nostril,may need to do multiple attempts
36
What are the clinical signs of dorsal oesophageal obstruction in horses?
oedema... dyspnoea,inflammation and discomfort
37
What is the management for a horse with dorsal oesophageal obstruction?
difficult to pass a stomach tube so heavy sedation needed,evaluate cranioventral and caudoventral lung for aspiration pneumonia
38
What are the main complications of choke?
deep ulceration,circumferential mucosal damage
39
What drugs can be given to minimise acidic gastroesophageal reflux?
sucralfate and omeprazole
40
What can be done to prevent/manage complications of choke?
sucralfate and omeprazole,dietary management,complete hay replacementration,serial bougienage for fibrous strictures
41
What are the DDx for secondary oesophageal obstruction in horses?
pulsion diverticulum,traction diverticulum,stricture formation,persistent right aortic arch
42
How do you diagnose secondary oesophageal obstructions in horses?
endoscopic examination following clearance of choke with insufflation,contrast radiography may be required
43
How do you manage secondary oesophageal obstructions in horses?
depends of cause: pulsation vs traction,surgery likely required for full thickness mural cicatrix
44
What are the clinical signs of recurrent oesophageal obstruction in horses?
recurrent bouts of choke depending on size of diverticulum
45
What horses is recurrent oesophageal obstruction due to dilatation common in?
older ones due to poor wall tone
46
What diagnostics should you do for a horse with recurrent oesophageal obstruction?
endoscopy,double contrast osophagram,radiographic investigation of aspiration
47
How do you manage recurrent oesophageal obstructions in horses?
cervical pulsatile diverticuli can be repaired surgically,can empty manually in some horses,dietary management only for larger diverticuli at thoracic inlet
48
What are the clinical signs for oesophageal strictures?
regurgitation of ingesta and saliva,may be history of neck trauma/bite
49
What diagnostics should you do for a horse with oesophageal strictures?
endoscopy,double contrast oesophagram to determine length of lesion
50
What is the treatment option of oesophageal strictures in horse?
full thickness lesion requires oesophagomyotomy to release mucosa
51
What is an oesophagomyotomy?
separation of the outer and inner layers of the oesophageal wall
52
How should you manage a horse after an oesophagomyotomy surgery?
reintroduction to soft diet for 10 days,then resumption of forage,monitor for further adhesions
53
What are the clinical signs of cervical oesophageal rupture in horses?
swelling and pain at sites of rupture,may be draining tract,subcutaneous emphysema,cardiorespiratory compromise if mediastinitis
54
How do you diagnose cervical oesophageal rupture in horses?
contrast oesophagram,may release feed material if debriding
55
How do you treat cervical oesophageal rupture in horses?
immediate establishment of drainage to prevent mediastinitis,surgical debridement essential,placement of tube orally or tube oesophagostomy ventral to site,monitor for sepsis,treatment of local cellulitis
56
What are the clinical challenges associated with cervical oesophageal rupture in horses?
maintenance of nutrient intake,electrolyte balance,concurrent aspiration pneumonia,management of cellulitis,possible endotoxemia and laminitis,severe emphysema
57
What are the complications associated with cervical oesophageal rupture post surgery in horses?
may succum to complications of endotoxemia,recurrent choke likely post recovery,laryngeal hemiplegia due to sympathetic trunk damage
58
What is the prognosis of cervical oesophageal rupture in horses?
guarded
59
What are the clinical signs associated with thoracic/abdominal oesophageal rupture in horses?
more insidious than cervical,elevated temperature and RR,progressive septic pleural effusion
60
What diagnostics should you do for horses with thoracic/abdominal oesophageal rupture?
oesophageal endoscopy in unexplained pleural effusions,thoracic ultrasound,thoracocentesis and cytology
61
How do you manage thoracic/abdominal oesophageal rupture in horses?
hopeless prognosis,rapid diagnosis most essential feature,idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of oesophagus in some cases
62
Between which intercostal spaces is a horses stomach found?
37145
63
What are the clinical signs for acute gastric distension in horses?
acute colic,possible rupture, peritonitis and endotoxemia
64
What are the clinical signs for chronic gastric distension in horses?
weight loss and reduced rate of feed intake,increased water intake,recurrent mild colic,pendulous abdomen +/- ventral oedema
65
What are the clinical signs for chronic gastric inflammation in horses?
may be asymptomatic,progressing to acute colic,change in dietary preference
66
What are the clinical signs for chronic gastric ulcers in horses?
loss of performance,decreased forward movement,anterior abdominal pain
67
What is the most common gastric parasitic infection in horses?
gastrophilus larvae
68
What are the common causes of dysmotility in the equine GIT?
equine dysautonomia,acute gastric dilation,gastric impaction,chronic gastric dilation
69
What are the common causes of ulceration in the equine GIT?
equine gastric ulceration syndrome,perforation and rupture
70
What is the most common neoplasia in the equine GIT?
squamous cell carcinoma
71
What are the most common causes of inflammation in the equine GIT?
inflammatory polyps,glandular ulceration and gastritis
72
What are the risk factors associated with acute gastric dilation in horses?
feed- excess or fermentable,incorrect management
73
What are the clinical signs of acute gastric dilation in horses?
acute abdominal pain,spontaneous nasogastric reflux,progressive acidosis,endotoxemia
74
How do you diagnose acute gastric dilation in horses?
based on presentation
75
What is the treatment of acute gastric dilation in horses?
gastric decompression and lavage,intravenous fluid support,correction of acidosis,management of endotoxemia
76
What are the endotoxemic complications of acute gastric dilation in horses?
laminitis,acute renal failure
77
What are the gastric complications of acute gastric dilation in horses?
transient loss of motility,delayed emptying,serosal tear
78
How do you manage complications of acute gastric dilitation in horses?
gastroscopic assessment,risk of secondary impaction,complete pelleted ration,altered feeding frequency
79
What are the risk factors for acute gastric impaction in horses?
poor dentition,old age,trichobenzoars,persimmon seeds,inappropriate feeding
80
What are the clinical signs associated with acute gastric impactions in horses?
acute colic at presentation,endotoxemia,possible rupture
81
What diagnostics should be done in a horse with acute gastric impactions?
resistance to stomach tube,transcutaneous ultrasonography,gastroscopy
82
What is the treatment for acute gastric impactions in horses?
gastric lavage- remove soluble material,continuous lavage,assess- vitals, daily gastroscopic examination, may take 3-6 days to resolve
83
What is the prognosis of acute gastric impactions in horses?
depends on aetiology
84
How do you perform a continuous lavage in horses?
5 l/hr as a continuous infusion via indwelling tube,position in terminal oesophagus,alternate electrolytes with water to prevent Na+ overload,daily mineral oil
85
What is the suspected risk factor associated with chronic gastric impaction in horses?
increased in warmbloods
86
What are the clinical signs associated with chronic gastric impaction in horses?
failure to gain weight/weight loss,change in abdominal silhouette,change in demenour,ventral oedema,acute colic +/- prior recurrent colic
87
What diagnostics should be done on a horse with chronic gastric impaction in horses?
resistance to stomach tube,enlarged gastric outline,stomach may be palpable,gastroscopy - impaction often vertically stacked,may be up to oesophageal cardia
88
What is the treatment for a horse with chronic gastric impaction in horses?
prolonged continuous gastric lavage,aim to empty stomach
89
What management should be done for a horse with chronic gastric impaction?
permanent turnout,no forage other than grass,completed pelleted ration if required
90
What is the prognosis for a horse with chronic gastric impaction?
progressive further dilation of stomach,spontaneous rupture possible,2-4 years from presentation
91
What are the risk factors for squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
decreased access to grazing,high intake of concentrate rations,prolonged periods without forage,intensive training at > 70% VO2max,other GI disorders,NSAIDs,crib-biting,pregnancy
92
What are the clinical signs of squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
loss of production,decreased feed intake,colic as severity increases
93
What diagnostics can be done on a horse with squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
gastroscopy,sucrose absorption may be herd screening tool
94
What is the treatment for squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
omeprazole,tapered dose for 2 weeks,sucralfate
95
How should you manage a horse with squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
increase access to forage and grazing,decrease or stop concentrate feed,decreased intensity of exercise,chaff feeds prior to exercise,reduce other stressors
96
How do you prevent squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
improved management to reduce risk factors, gastrogard
97
What should you take into consideration when scoring squamous erosion and ulceration in horses?
surface area,depth,crater lesions?
98
Where should you score on a horse with glandular ulceration?
cardia,fundus,antrum,pylorus
99
What is the gross appearance of glandular ulceration in horses?
Erythema, flat haemorrhagic, raised haemorrhagic, flat diphtheritic, raised diphtheritic, combination.
100
How do you treat glandular ulceration in horses?
Omeprazole, reassessment prior to reducing, sucralfate.
101
What is the treatment for refractory lesions in horses?
Diphtheritic membrane or inflammation, doxycycline in sucralfate carrier.
102
What is the treatment for inflammatory polyps?
Longer treatment course, lifelong management to prevent obstruction of pyloric canal.
103
What are the presenting signs of equine glandular polyps?
Recurrent colic, weight loss, short episodes of acute pain.
104
What is seen on histopath of equine glandular polyps?
Hyperkeratotic surface, neutrophilic inflammatory layer, more deep biopsies required.
105
What is the prognosis of equine glandular polyps?
Depends on size and response to treatment.
106
What are the main potential causes for weight loss in horses?
Insufficient food intake, dental disease or mouth pain, parasitism, decreased absorption of nutrients, intestinal disorders causing diarrhoea, decreased assimilation of nutrients, protein losing nephropathy.
107
What is a symptom of both acute and chronic colic?
Weight loss.
108
How to prevent colic in horses?
Daily routine, daily access to grass, avoid excessive grain, divide concentrate feed into >2 small meals, don't feed from ground, 6 monthly dental exam, avoid medications unless prescribed by vet, count droppings.
109
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the stomach of a horse?
Gastric ulceration, gastric dilation, pyloric outflow problem, neoplasia.
110
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the small intestine of the horse?
Ascarid impaction, idiopathic focal eosinophilic gastroenteritis, mild non-strangulating infarction, inflammatory bowel disease, ileum hypertrophy, adhesions.
111
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the large colon of the horse?
Impaction, sand impaction, enterolith, mild non-strangulating infarction, right dorsal colitis, granulomatous enteritis, chronic salmonellosis.
112
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the caecum of the horse?
Impaction/ atony, sand, intussusception, enterolith.
113
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the small colon/ rectum of the horse?
Impaction, faecolith/ foreign body, mesocolon tear, enterolith, peri-rectal abscess.
114
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the peritoneum of the horse?
Adhesions, chronic peritonitis, abdominal abscesses, neoplasia.
115
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the liver of the horse?
Cholelithiasis, chronic active hepatitis, echinococcosis.
116
What are the causes of chronic and recurrent colic associated with the urinary system of the horse?
Urolithiasis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, renal haemorrhage.
117
What are the presenting signs of sand enteropathy in the large colon?
Colic, diarrhoea, decreased borborygmi, fever, neutrophilia.
118
How do you diagnose sand enteropathy in the large colon of horses?
Radiography is the best, US can be good for follow up, faecal sand sediment is unreliable.
119
What is the treatment for sand enteropathy in the large colon of horses?
Daily combination of mineral oil and psyllium by nasogastric tube, IVFT, NSAIDs if required.
120
What is the prognosis after sand enteropathy in the large colon of horses?
90% survived to discharge, 50% euthanased subsequent to surgery.
121
What investigations should you do on initial visit of horses with weight loss +/- chronic colic?
History, clinical exam, rectal, dental exam, clinical chemistry, faecal examination + larval evaluation, abdominocentesis and cytology.
122
What further tests can be done on a horse with weight loss +/- chronic colic once at the referral centre?
Gastroscopy +/- biopsy, abdominal US, abdominal radiography, tests of gastrointestinal motility, laparotomy +/- biopsies.
123
How many hours a day would a horse voluntarily graze for?
14-16 hours.
124
Does a horse's stomach stretch much?
No.
125
What cells produce a continuous supply of HCL in horses?
Parietal cells of glandular mucosa under stimulation of histamine and gastrin.
126
What buffers the HCL produced in the stomach of horses?
Salivary bicarbonates.
127
What should you consider when trying to manage chronic colic/ weight loss in horses?
Lack of dietary forage, consumption of large concentrate feeds, exercise on empty stomach, high intensity exercise, crib-biting.
128
How can a lack of dietary forage impact the GIT of a horse?
Gastric pH will continue to decrease and become more acidic which allows for breach of gastric mucosa.
129
Why does consumption of large concentrate feeds impact the GIT of a horse?
Fermentation of high starch feeds within the stomach results in production of additional VFAs that potentiate mucosal damage; also leads to decreased saliva production therefore less bicarb is present to neutralise the acid.
130
Why does exercise on an empty stomach impact the GIT of a horse?
Increased intra-abdominal pressure during exercise meaning gastric acid is more likely to coat the squamous mucosa.
131
Why does high intensity exercise have an impact on the GIT of a horse?
Prolonged canter/ gallop work results in reduced mucosal blood flow resulting in a decreased capacity for pre-existing ulceration to heal.
132
What are the risk factors associated with equine gastric ulcer syndrome?
Elite athletes, insufficient forage/ grazing, excessive dietary starch intake, concurrent illness, crib biting.
133
What are the early clinical signs associated with equine gastric ulcer syndrome?
Reduced rate of eating, decreased interest in concentrates, discomfort on girthing, reduced coat quality, changes in performance.
134
What are the later signs of equine gastric ulcer syndrome?
Loss of performance, poor appetite, pain after eating, reduced body condition, dullness, weight loss, lethargy, chronic colic.
135
What are the treatment options for equine gastric ulcer syndrome?
Managemental and feeding changes, decreased exercise, stop feed concentrated, increased grazing or forage, additional alfalfa.
136
What are the clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease in horses?
Weight loss, low protein, colic, thickened small intestine, no diarrhoea normally.
137
How do you diagnose inflammatory bowel disease in horses?
Intestinal biopsies via gastroscope, laparoscopic, laparotomy.
138
What are the potential causes of inflammatory bowel disease?
Eosinophilic enteritis, MEEDS, lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis, lymphoma.
139
What is the prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease in horses?
Guarded- dependent on severity of pathology.
140
What are the principles of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in horses?
Immunosuppressive therapy, increase nutrient and protein content to diet.
141
What drug is used for immunosuppressive therapy in horses?
Prednisolone.
142
What is the life expectancy of lymphocytic-plasmacytic IBD and lymphoma in horses?
6-12 months.
143
What is the prognosis of eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease in horses?
Better prognosis, more responsive to steroid treatment.
144
What are important history questions to ask about horses with acute diarrhoea?
Inappetent? Change in diet or environment? Recent meds? Any other horses affected? Access to toxins or other feeds?
145
What should you assess on a clinical exam of a horse with acute diarrhoea?
Vitals normal? Intestinal borborygmi sounds, physical evidence of diarrhoea, dehydration status, concurrent illness.
146
What management should you do for a horse who is experiencing nutritional diarrhoea?
Replace new diet with simple soaked hay ration without concentrates and then the diarrhoea should resolve over few days.
147
What are key warning signs of diarrhoea in horses suggesting that it is not nutritionally caused diarrhoea?
Evidence of endotoxemia, tachycardia in absence of severe colic, pyrexia, hypermotile bowel, taut taenial bands on rectal palp due to heavy fluid content in the large colon and caecum.
148
What would be seen on clinical pathology of a horse with acute diarrhoea?
Rise in PCV and TP first, with subsequent splitting to high PCV and low TP, increase in lactate, leukopenia and neutropenia.
149
What cascade leads to mucosal damage in acute colitis and typhlitis in horses?
Chemotaxis -> neutrophil infiltration -> superoxide regeneration -> mucosal damage.
150
What are the main consequences of increased LI permeability in horses?
Loss of fluid and proteins from LI mucosa, absorption of endotoxin through compromised mucosa.
151
What are the systemic issues that can arise due to endotoxin absorption?
Fulminant endotoxemia, hypoproteinaemia, electrolyte derangement, hypovolaemia, decreased cardiac output.
152
What signs may be seen concurrently with acute colitis and typhlitis in horses?
Concurrent mucosal ulceration, infarction, serosal inflammation.
153
What causes profound dehydration in acute colitis and typhlitis?
Hypersecretion of sodium and fluid.
154
What is the result of rapid enteric protein loss in horses with acute colitis and typhlitis?
Low colloid oncotic pressure making it difficult to maintain hydration status.
155
What is a metabolic consequence of acute colitis and typhlitis in horses?
Catabolism leading to very rapid weight loss.
156
What is a clinical sign associated with motility in acute colitis and typhlitis?
Hypermotility and caecal/ colonic/ rectal pain.
157
What determines the progression of endotoxemia in acute colitis and typhlitis in horses?
Severity of mucosal damage and endotoxin absorption.
158
What complications can arise from endotoxemia in acute colitis and typhlitis in horses?
Neutropenia, consumption of clotting factors, fibrinolysis and thrombocytopenia, SIRS with possible progression to DIC.
159
What is a chronic sequelae of severe intestinal pathology from acute colitis and endotoxemia in horses?
Uncontrollable endotoxin absorption and very high mortality, acute renal failure, thrombophlebitis, laminitis, DIC.
160
What infectious causes of colitis mainly affect foals?
C. perfringens, C. piliforme, Rhodococcus equi, lawsonia intracellularis, rotavirus.
161
How do diagnose acute colitis early in horses?
Thickened folds of oedematous colonic +/- caecal mucosa.
162
What are the clinical signs associated with the early diagnosis of acute colitis in horses?
Lethargy, tachycardia, pyrexia, prolonged CRT, increased gut sounds.
163
What is seen on clin path of a horse with early acute colitis?
Neutropenia, left shift, toxic changes.
164
In what circumstances should a horse be placed in isolation?
If they have diarrhoea, without diarrhoea but with hypermotile bowel, pyrexia and neutropenia.
165
How many negative samples of salmonella culture are required to prove cessation of shedding?
5.
166
What is the aetiology of right dorsal colitis in horses?
Causal link to administration of oral NSAIDs.
167
How do NSAIDs cause right dorsal colitis in horses?
Local inhibition of prostaglandins reduces mucosal blood flow, lower incidence with COX 2 specific but not necessarily.
168
What are the presenting signs of a horse with right dorsal colitis?
Pitting oedema, hypoproteinemia, soft droppings progressing to diarrhoea, necrosis of RDC may occur, haemorrhagic diarrhoea may occur.
169
How do you diagnose right dorsal colitis in horses?
Stop NSAIDs use, US colon and caecum, evaluate clinpath and determine severity.
170
What supportive care should you give to a horse with acute colitis?
IVFT.
171
Why should you give IVFT to a horse with acute colitis?
To help resolve fluid deficits, electrolyte deficits, acid-base disturbances, colloid oncotic pressure.
172
What 3 things should you use to estimate the volume required for IVFT of a horse with acute colitis?
Volume deficit, electrolyte requirement, safe replacement rate.
173
Why is the removal of lipopolysaccharide absorption challenging in acute colitis of horses?
Removal of the source is often impossible.
174
What is the recommended approach for managing reflux in anterior enteritis to prevent LPS absorption?
Frequent removal of reflux.
175
What are some methods to prevent lipopolysaccharides in the GIT of horses?
High volume activated charcoal, oral dosing with liquid paraffin, biosponge.
176
Why is it important to neutralise circulating lipopolysaccharides in horses?
To prevent the activation of inflammatory cells.
177
What is a method of neutralising circulating lipopolysaccharides in horses?
Immunotherapy using antiserum and hyperimmune plasma.
178
What can you use to bind to circulating lipopolysaccharides in horses?
Polymyxin B.
179
What does polymyxin B do?
Cationic polypeptide antibiotic that binds to lipid A, low doses required, antimicrobial doses.
180
What can be used to reduce lipopolysaccharide mediated inflammation in horses?
NSAIDs, corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, antioxidants, phospholipids.
181
What is the treatment for acute laminitis?
Decrease digital metabolic rate as this decreases the glucose requirement, decrease MMP activity, decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine production, decrease neutrophil influx.
182
What is transfaunation?
Transferring healthy gut microbes from the feces of a donor horse to the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient horse.
183
What constitutes an ideal donor for transfaunation in horses?
Negative for known pathogens, good BCS with normal faecal consistency.
184
How do you do faecal transfaunation in horses?
Fresh sample mixed with warm water, dissolved and filtered, administered via NGT up to twice daily.
185
How do you manage long term colitis?
Fluid therapy, monitor vital parameters, clinpath parameters and ultrasound progression of mucosal inflammation, low residue diet in long term to aid mucosal healing, high fibre cubes or grass rather than hay for 6-8 weeks.
186
What infectious agents have a high mortality when they cause per-acute colitis?
Salmonella and C. difficile.
187
What are the possible sequelae to severe colitis in horses?
Marked weight loss, severe hypoproteinemia, thrombophlebitis, high risk of laminitis, death in high % due to overwhelming endotoxemia.
188
What is classified as chronic diarrhoea in horses?
>7 day duration.
189
What do horses with chronic diarrhoea tend to present like?
Systemically healthy +/- weight loss.
190
What should you investigate in a horse with chronic diarrhoea?
1. Dietary evaluation, 2. Dental assessment, 3. Haem/ biochem, 4. Faecal parasitology and bacterial culture, 5. Histopathology investigation, 6. Abdominal US and peritoneal fluid analysis.
191
What management changes should you make to help patients with chronic diarrhoea?
Correct dental or parasite problems, diet- hay rations with no concentrates for 4 weeks minimum.
192
What do horses with chronic diarrhoea tend to present like?
Systemically healthy +/- weight loss
193
What should you investigate in a horse with chronic diarrhoea?
1. Dietary evaluation
2. Dental assessment
3. Haem/biochem
4. Faecal parasitology and bacterial culture
5. Histopathology investigation
6. Abdominal US and peritoneal fluid analysis
194
What management changes should you make to help patients with chronic diarrhoea?
Correct dental or parasite problems
Diet - hay rations with no concentrates for 4 weeks minimum
Sulphasalazine if inflammation of LI
Codeine phosphate
Faecal transfaunation
195
What is codeine phosphate used for in management of chronic diarrhoea in horses?
Used to decrease intestinal secretions but may induce impaction colic
196
How long can viral diarrhoea last in horses?
2 days - 6 months
197
What are the clinical signs of viral diarrhoea in horses?
Depressed and anorexic
Dehydration
Poor thrift
Lactase deficiency
198
How do you diagnose viral diarrhoea in horses?
Faecal antigen testing and EM
199
What are common viruses that cause diarrhoea in horses?
Adenovirus
Coronavirus
Parvovirus
200
How do you prevent transmission of rotavirus?
Rapid diagnosis and isolation
Effective disinfection
Minimise exposure of successive foals to diarrhoea
Subsequent vaccination in successive years
201
What pathogens can cause bacterial diarrhoea?
E. coli
C. perfringens/difficile
Salmonella
Rhodococcus in older foals
Lawsonia intracellularis
