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BVMS 3 > Module 19 Wk 1 > Flashcards

Module 19 Wk 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

(reproductive Surgery – females)

What are the benifits of spayingneutering you dogs and cats?

A
  • medical/health
  • behavioural
  • population control
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2
Q

What does it mean to spay pre-pubertally?

A

before 1st oestrus

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3
Q

Why do people spay before 1st oestrus? and why might people not?

A

It protects against mammary neoplasia and people may not opt for this due to it predisposing problems with development, musculoskeletal system and urinary incont (bitch)

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4
Q

What does post-pubertal spaying mean?

A

after 1st oestrus

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5
Q

Why might someone choose post-pubertal spaying?

A
  • behavioural reasons
  • health reasons - ceaser and pyo
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6
Q

What are the three ligaments in female repro?

A
  • suspensory
  • proper
  • broad
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7
Q

What blood vessels are involved in the female repro system

A

L and R ovarian arteries
L and R uterus arteries

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8
Q

Whta is uterus unicorni?

A

Where there is only one uterine horn but may still have an ovary

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9
Q

What are the steps in oVH?

A
  1. incision
  2. Locate + exterioise
  3. Clamp + ligate
  4. Transect
  5. Check
  6. closure
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10
Q

What are the medical indications for OVH in dogs?

A
  • uterine = pyo, hydro, Ceaser, torsion, rupture, hyperplasia
  • mammary = neoplasia
  • vaginal = neoplasia, prolapse
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11
Q

What are behavioural prblems that people OVH for?

A
  • oestrus signs
  • pseudopregnanacy
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12
Q

When should you not spay?

A
  • oestrus
  • pseudopregnancy
  • does not apply to cats
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13
Q

What suture material should you use for your ligatures in a spay?

A
  • abdorbable - monofil or polyfil
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14
Q

What suture material should you use to close muscle/linea alba?

A

Slowly absorbable monofilament so PDS

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15
Q

What should you use to close subcut?

A

Absorbable: Monofilament, Polyfilament

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16
Q

What are common patterns to use to suture muscle back up?

A
  • interrupted = simple or cruciate
  • cont = simple
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17
Q

What pattern is commonly used to suture up subcut/fat?

A
  • interrupted = simple
  • cont = simple or inverting patterns
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18
Q

What suture patterns are commonely used to suture up skin?

A
  • Intradermals
  • External sutures
  • Interrupted: Simple or Cruciate
  • Continuous: Ford interlocking
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19
Q

What are immediate complications of OVH?

A
  • haemorrhage due to ligiture slip or clotting disorder
  • trauma to organs
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20
Q

What are delayed complications of OVH?

A
  • Bruising
  • infection
  • swelling
  • wound dehiscence, delayed healing/non-healing
  • suture - granulomas
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21
Q

What is ORS?

A

Ovarian remnant syndrome - ovarian tissue left behind which produces hormones and leads to oeastrus behaviour

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22
Q

How do you diagnose ORS?

A

hormone assays depending on stage of ‘cycle’
vag cytology

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23
Q

stump pyometra produces what?

A

progesterone

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24
Q

What is canines pseudocyesis?

A

Pseudropregnancy, false/phantom preg

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25
(Reproductive Surgery – Males) What age is pre-pubertal for neutering male dogs and cats?
less than 6months
26
What can pre-pubertal neutering lead too?
MSK, obesity, immune-med, neoplastic conditions, cognitive dysfunction syndrome
27
What are some behavioural indications for neutering male cats and dogs?
hypersexuiality, agression, roaming
28
What are medical reasons to neuter male dogs and cats
- Reduces risk of testicular neoplasia, trauma, orchitis, torsion - cryptorchidism - Reduced risk of prostate disease
29
what type of behaviour can worsen with neutering in male dogs?
Fearfullness
30
For testicular neoplasia, should you do open or closed castration?
closed
31
what is the difference between open and closed castration?
In open you insice vag tunic and directly place ligature on spermatic vessels whereas in close you so not incise vag tunic and instead ligature on intact tunuc with vessels internally
32
What are the steps for catration?
1. insicion 2. exterioise 3. clamp + ligate 4. transect 5. check 6. closure
33
What are the options for regional ana in castrations?
- insicional block (dog) - Testicular block (dog/cat)
34
What is the spematic cord made up of?
- Blood vessels:Testicular artery + vein (pampiniform plexus) and Deferent artery - Vas deferens. - Cremaster muscle.
35
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum (by 6 months old)
36
Where are the two places the non-descended testicle could be?
Inguinal - Either incise over, - Do OPEN. - or can retract into abdo (still 'open'). Abdominal - Midline or Paramedian approach. - Affected testicle = smaller in size. - Will be OPEN (as has to descend through inguinal ring to get the tunic!).
37
(Anaesthesia for reproductive surgery: dogs & cats) What are the 6 things you should consider about the patient when it comes to anaesthesia?
- age - breed - temperament - BCS - Analgesia required - Health status
38
What are three things you should do prior to anaesthesia?
- physical examination - blood work - fasting of the patient
39
Describe what fasting should look like in an healthy adult?
- allow free access to water - traditionally, it is fasting overnight - small meal of low-fat canned food 4-6 hrs before ana and 6-12hrs if there is a risk of regurgitation in that breed
40
Describe fasting pre-anasthesia for kttem and puppies?
- allow free access to water - shorter period of fasting
41
What age must kittens and puppies be for anasthesia?
at least 8 weeks and only for 2hrs max
42
For an excitable, anxious or difficult temperament, describe an anesthesia plan
- Want to select the dose rate at the higher end of the range - medetomidine over ACP and combine these two with an opioid like methadone IM
43
For an aggressive temperament, describe an anasethesia plan
Combine sedative and opioid with an injectable ana ie medetom + meth + low dose ket IM then prop/aldlax IV then iso/sevo OR in cats only medetom + meth + hih dose ket IM
44
What ASA is older, less health, calm dogs and cats?
2
45
When selecting sedative for ASA 2 patients what should you do?
- select sedative dose rates at lower end of the range - select least detrimental sedative - least side effects, metabolism etc
46
If dog/cat is systemically unwell what ASA grade are they?
3
47
How should you manage a ASA grade 3 patient?
- stabilise first and blood test - opioid only for pre-med - consider co-induction - aim for a balanced and
48
Describe an intra-testicular block for castration.
- lidocaine - bupivacaine - via cascade
49
What was can you give local ana for OVH?
- incisional block - infiltration of ovarian pedicle and neck of uterus - intraperitoneal lavage
50
What should be your post-op analgesia plan for castration and OVH?
Ora: NSAIDS for 3-5days with a repeat of the opioid before discharge
51
What are 5 ana related problems seen in cats and dogs?
1. bradycardia 2. Tachycardia 3. Hypothermia 4. Prolonged recovary 5. Poor quality recovery
52
What are the rates for bradycardia in cats and dogs?
- Dogs = less than 60 - Cats = less than 100
53
What are the common causes of bradycardia in an anaesthetic environment?
- increased vagal tone which increases the PNS which is caused by A2A, opiods, brachy breeds, visceral traction, mainatinence too deep or lights - hypothermia - pre-existing disease
54
How do you manage bradycardia during anaesthesia via addressing inciting causes?
1. no treatment needed really needed if its cause of traction 2. Assess/adjust anaesthetic depth 3. Consider atipamezole if due to alpha2 agonist BUT be careful as reversing alpha2-mediated sedation & analgesia in the middle of surgery can lead to abrupt lightening of anaesthetic depth
55
How do you manage bradycardia during anaesthesia via addressing systemic causes?
Symptomatic: 1. Administer antimuscarinic drug to increase heart rate without reversing analgesia.
56
Describe the pharmacology of atropine and glycopyrrolate?
Atropine & glycopyrrolate antagonise the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic cholinergic receptors within the parasympathetic nervous system.
57
Describe the range that defines tachycardia?
- Dog = more than 160 - Cats = more than 220
58
What are common causes of tachycardia?
- Increased sympathetic tone - pre exsisting disease
59
What can cause increased symp tone?
* Light anaesthesia * Inadequate analgesia * Hypovolaemia/hypotension * Drugs * Hypercapnia * Hypoxaemia * Hyperthermia
60
What drug can you give to manage tachycardia?
vagomimetic drug or opiod
61
What causes hypothermia in anaesthesia patients?
- reduced muscle tone - peripheral vasodilation - cold fluids/gases/operating theatre
62
What are risk factors that can contribute to hypothermia?
- open body cavities - small patients
63

BVMS 3 (23 decks)

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