Module 2 Flashcards by Jessica Rocha

Name an important element required for muscle contraction and bone integrity?

Calcium

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Name an element that is vital to the formation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?

Carbon

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Name an element that is responsible for the activity of many enzymes (molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions)?

Magnesium

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A substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution is a/an:

Acid

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Which element is a component of some vitamins and many proteins?

Sulfur

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Which element is a metal and a component of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying molecule in the blood)?

Iron

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Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that retains the ____ of an element.

Characteristics

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This element is vital for the storage of energy (ATP).

Phosphorus

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T/F- Iodine is an anion? Be careful; this is a though-provoking question.

False (Iodide)

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Identify the constituent atoms and number of atoms for H20?

Hydrogen 2 Oxygen 1

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Substances with two or more different elements are classified as_____.

Compounds and molecules

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The physical state of matter that has a definite shape with tightly packed atoms/molecules is a ____.

Solid

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The physical state of matter that has an indefinite volume with independent, widely spaced atoms/molecules is a ____.

Gas

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A body at rest with the ability to move has ___ energy.

Potential

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A body in motion is an example of ___ energy.

Kinetic

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The physical state of matter that has an indefinite shape and definite volume with mobile molecules is a ____.

Liquid

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Chemical reactions that build through chemical bonding are?

Anabolic

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Chemical reactions that deconstruct chemical bonds are?

Catabolic

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Endergonic chemical reactions require more ____ input than they will provide output.

Energy

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____-gonic reactions release more energy than they consume.

Exer

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Measurement of disorder in a system is called?

Entrophy

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1.000 cal/g’C of water is also known as the ____ of water.

Specific Heat

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Considering the mass of the human body, “H”, “O”, “___” , and “C” are the four most abundant elements.

Hydrogen

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Name the elements for the following atomic symbols: FE, NA, K, AU, AG, and Cu.

Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Gold, Silver, Copper

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The neutral subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom is called a ___.

Neutron

Electrons have a ____ charge.

Negative

Protons have a ____ charge.

Positive

Changing the number of ___will result in the formation of an isotope.

Neutrons

The atomic number is equal to the number of ____ in an atom.

Protons

Adding the number of protons and neutrons together equals the ___ number.

Mass

Giving, taking and/or sharing of ___ is responsible for chemical bonds.

Electrons

Elements get their charge by losing or gaining?

Electrons

Radioisotopes occur when there are more ____ in the nucleus than can be supported.

Neutrons

An alpha particle is a ___.

Helium pg 73

beta particles are ____ expelled at high energy from radioactive atoms or a beta emitter.

Electrons

High-energy photons are associated with ___-rays and ____ rays.

X and Gamma

Define an ion?

Elements gaining or losing an electron.

Define an cation?

Somebody positive. (more protons than electrons)

An atom or a molecule containing an unpaired electron is called a ___.

Free radical

An atom that gains an electron is an____.

Anion (negative charge)

Name the following polyatomic ions: OH-, HCO3-, and NH4+

Hydroxide, bicarbonate, and ammonium

The chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate is ___.

NaCo3

Name the compound, KOH.

Potassium Hydroxide

A polar covalent bond occurs due to the ____sharing of electrons between two non-metals.

Partial or unequal

Covalent bonds tend to be ___ than ionic or hydrogen bonds.

Stronger

Ionic bonds are formed when there is an attraction between a ___ and an ___.

cation, ion or metal and nonmetal

The hydrogen atom in a water molecule has a partial positive charge. Why?

Water expresses a covalent bond. (its more negative)

Due to extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules, water molecules, water exhibits a high____.

Surface tension.

H and O2 atoms are bound together inside cells as?

Water

What type of bonds are formed due to the Equal sharing of electrons between two nonmetals?

Nonpolar Covalent

A substance referred to as a ____ reduces surface tension.

Surfactant

A ___ consists of particles large enough to scatter light, but too large to pass through a dialysis membrane. The particle also remain dispersed in the medium.

Colloids pg 98

A solution with a high H+ concentration is considered to be?

Acidic

A solution with a high OH- concentration is considered to be?

Basic (Alkaline)

A solution without H+ or OH- is considered to be a?

Salt

Weak acids do not completely ___ in water.

Dissolve

Buffers maintain ____ balance within the body.

The most important buffering system in the body is the ____/_____ buffering system.

Carbonic acid and Bicarbon ion H2CO3 pg 107

On the pH scale, a solution with a pH of 7.0 has ___ concentrations of H+ and OH-.

Equal

compare the following pH values and determine which is most acidic (3,4,5,6,7)

A solution with a pH above 7.0 would be considered?

Basic (alkaline)

Of the following pH values which has the highest concentration of OH- ions (2,5,7,13)?

Oxygen

Symbol: (O) | part of water and many organic (carbon-containing) molecules

Carbon

Symbol: (C) | Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules: Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acids.

Hydrogen

Symbol: (H) | Constituent of water and most organic molecules; ionized form (H+) makes body fluids more acidic.

Nitrogen

Symbol: (N) | Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

Calcium

Symbol: (Ca) Contributes to hardness of bones and teeth; ionized form (Ca++) needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle.

Phosphorus

Symbol: (P) Component of nucleic acids and ATP (molecules used to store chemical energy), required for normal bone and tooth structure.

Potassium

``` Symbol: (K) Ionized form (K+) is the most plentiful cation (positively-charged particle) inside cells; needed for nerve activity. ```

Sulfur

Symbol: (S) | Component of some vitamins and many proteins

Sodium

``` Symbol: (Na) Ionized form (Na+) is the most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid; essential for maintaining water balance, needed for nerve activity. ```

Chlorine

``` Symbol: (Cl) Ionized form (Cl-) is thee most plentiful anion (negatively-charged particle) in extracellular fluid; essential for maintaining water balance. ```

Magnesium

``` Symbol: (Mg) Ionized form (Mg++) needed for many enzymes (molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions in organisms) ```

Iron

``` Symbol: (Fe) Ionized forms (Fe++ and Fe+++) are part of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells) and some enzymes. ```

Molecules

2 or more atoms sharing electrons jointed by a chemical compound. Can be two atoms that are the same or different. O2 and H20.

Compound

molecule that contains atoms of different elements. | All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

Electrons

Mass is zero orbits around the nucleus Has a Negative charge

Protons

Forms in the Nucleus with neutrons. Positive charge Weight is 1

Neutrons

Form in the nucleus with protons Weight is 1 Has NO charge

State the order of wave radiation from most harmful to not?

``` Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwaves Radio Waves (shortwave,am radio, long radio) ```

Name and element in the body that plays a major role in Neuron firing?

K+ NA+ Ca++ Mg+

Name and element in the body that places a major role in teeth and bone structure?

Ca++ phos

Name an element in the body that plays a major role in RBC function?

Iron

Name an element in the body that places a major role in protein structure?

N C Sulfur

Name a major element in the body that plays a major role in water balance?

Na+ K+ Cl-

What is an Isotope?

Element with varying number of Neutrons

First electron shell Always has how many electrons?

Hydrogen ion

H+ cation common ion in the body

Sodium ion

Na+ cation common ion in the body

Potassium ion

K+ cation common ion in the body

Ammonium ion

NH4+ cation common ion in the body

Magnesium ion

Mg2+ cation common ion in the body

Calcium ion

Ca2+ cation common ion in the body

Iron (II) ion

Fe2+ cation common ion in the body

Iron (III) ion

Fe3+ cation common ion in the body

Fluoride ion

F- Anion common ion in the body

Chloride ion

Cl- Anion common ion in the body

Iodide ion

I- Anion common ion in the body

Hydroxide ion

OH- Anion common ion in the body

BIcarbonate ion

HCO3- Anion common ion in the body

Oxide ion

O2- Anion common ion in the body

Sulfate ion

SO42- Anion common ion in the body

Phosphate ion

PO43- Anion common ion in the body

Attraction between 2 slight Positive and negative charges?

Hydrogen bond

Bond Strengths in order from weakest to strongest?

``` Hydrogen (partial charges) Ionic (pos or neg) Single double triple covalent ```

Solution

The whole thing of what you have made.

Solvent

Liquid, what is the bigger quantity

Solute

would be the sugar and powder in Koolaid | dissolve sugar in water, sugar is the solute, water is the solvent and it forms a sugar solution.

Acid

A substance which dissolves in water, releasing H+ as a cation (positive ion) and some anion (negative ion)

Base

A substance that dissolves in water, releasing any cation (positive ion) and OH- as an anion (negative ion)

Salt

a substance which dissolves in water and releases ions. Neither ion is H+ nor OH-. NaCl, KCl, and CaCO3

Name the major elements?

Oxygen (o) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N)

What are the lesser elements?

``` Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Iron (Fe) ```