Module 4

Question 1

Ion Channel

Answer 1

(Integral) forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions.

Question 2

Carrier

Answer 2

(Integral) Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape. For example, amino acids, needed for synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as TRANSPORTERS.

Question 3

Receptor

Answer 3

(Integral) Recognizes specific ligand and alters cells function in some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.

Question 4

Enzyme

Answer 4

(integral and peripheral) Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces). For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining your small intestine splits the dissacharide lactose in the milk you drink.

Question 5

Linker

Answer 5

(Integral and peripheral) Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.

Question 6

Cell Identity Marker

Answer 6

(glycoprotein) Distinguishes yours cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). An important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) protiens.

Question 7

Eukaryotes

Answer 7

means they have a “true” nucleus. All fungi, plants, and animals (including humans) are eukaryotes.

Question 8

Permeability

Answer 8

tells us how easily a substance can cross the plasma membrane.

Question 9

Differential permeability

Answer 9

what defines a cell. What the cell will and will not let pass.

Question 10

Name 6 categories of cell membrane proteins?

Answer 10

Ion channels-passage for ions
Enzymes- digestive system (sucrase, lactase, protease)
Carrier-Carries ions or other stuff (transports)
Linkers- Linking cells together
Receptors- receives signals
Markers- identifies the cells

Question 11

Name 4 things that could get through a cell membrane without a channel?

Answer 11

H20, O2, CO2, NH3, Lipid soluble (vitamins like DEAK)

Question 12

Name 4 things that need a channel to pass through a cell membrane?

Answer 12

Na+, K+, CA++, Cl-, MG++, glucose, proteins, big stuff

Question 13

Could molecules move in or out of dead cell?

Answer 13

Yes, because it doesnt require energy and it is simple diffusion.(moving from high to low, downhill)

Question 14

Passive Transport

Answer 14

No energy required. Concentration goes from High to Low (downhill)

Question 15

Active Transport

Answer 15

Requires energy. Concentration going from Low to High (Uphill)

Question 16

Cytoplasm

Answer 16

mixture of water, salts, proteins, and organelles.

Question 17

Because of their complex cellular structure, fungi are classified as?

Answer 17

Eukaryotes

Question 18

Eukaryotes have a true ____ and membrane-bound ____.

Answer 18

Nucleus and nucleus

Question 19

The nucleus contains?

Answer 19

Genetic library for the cell (DNA)

Question 20

The ___ regulates what enters or leaves the cell.

Answer 20

Plasma membrane

Question 21

What part of the cell has molecules to identify self from non-self?

Answer 21

Cell marker

Question 22

The cytosol and organelles collectively form the?

Answer 22

Cytoplasm

Question 23

What cellular structure gives the cell its shape?

Answer 23

cytoplasm

Question 24

What cellular structure conveys genetic information

Answer 24

Nucleus

Question 25

Describe the correct orientation of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

Answer 25

2 layers, heads facing 2 layers with heads facing extracellular and intracellular.

Question 26

The tail structure associated with the phospholipid is considered to be?

Answer 26

Unsaturated and hydrophobic

Question 27

A transmembrane protein will come in contact with the ___-cellular and ___-cellular fluids.

Answer 27

Extracellular and intracellular

Question 28

What is the function of a aquaporin?

Answer 28

A water pore protein that overwhelms any resistance to water passing through the membrane

Question 29

A ___ is specific for the substance they allow to pass through a membrane.

Answer 29

Selectively permeable cell membrane or a differential permeable membrane.

Question 30

The signaling molecule that binds to a receptor is called a?

Answer 30

Ligand

Question 31

The process by which a signal outside the cell is transformed to an intracellular signal?

Answer 31

Signal transduction

Question 32

The enzyme lactase would be found on the surface of ___ cells?

Answer 32

intestinal

Question 33

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins are an example of cellular____?

Answer 33

Markers

Question 34

The rate of diffusion will ____ as temperature decrease.

Answer 34

Increase

Question 35

Ribosomes make ___?

Answer 35

Protein

Question 36

Cilia

Answer 36

is a hair-like extension on the cell surface. Moves material across cell. Has the same basic structure as flagella. At the base, 9 triplets (9 sets of 3) of microtubules. In the body 9 doubles (9 sets of 2) microtubules.

Question 37

Flagella

Answer 37

a whip-like extension on the cell surface. In humans only cell w/a flagellum is the sperm cell. Flagellum moves the cell through material. Has the same basic structure as cilia. At the base, 9 triplets (9 sets of 3) of microtubules. In the body 9 doubles (9 sets of 2) microtubules.

Question 38

SER

Answer 38

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. 1. SER for lipid synthesis. 2. SER for processing of toxins and cellular components. 3. SER for calcium storage in muscle.

Question 39

RER

Answer 39

Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes lie on the surface of the RER. Genetic code material is copied in the nucleus, taken out to the RER to be read.

Question 40

autolysis

Answer 40

Self-breaking

Question 41

Lysosome

Answer 41

formed from trans face of Golgi complex. Are used to digest and sometimes recycle things. The cell's garbage can. If the cell is sick or dying(apoptosis) the entire cell is dumped into the garbage can releasing enzymes from the lysosome.

Question 42

Cytoskeletal and Centrosomes functional class?

Answer 42

Structural integrity

Question 43

Cilia and Flagella functional class?

Answer 43

Motility

Question 44

Ribosome, RER, SER and Golgi complex functional class?

Answer 44

Sythesis

Question 45

SER, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Proteasome functional class?

Answer 45

Storage and digestion

Question 46

Mitochondrion

Answer 46

Energy Production

Question 47

Necrosis

Answer 47

Death itself. (of a cell)

Question 48

Peroxisome

Answer 48

Like lysosomes, membrane-bound and destroy materials for the cell. contain powerful enzymes Oxidases. Can replicate themselves and make H2O2. Common in liver and kidney (detox function of these organs) Break down fatty acids (use fats for energy)

Question 49

Peroxisomes generate what?

Answer 49

Free radicals. These damaging biological systems are likely the cause of diseases such as cancer.

Question 50

Proteasome

Answer 50

Breaking down of proteins.

Question 51

Ubiquitin

Answer 51

Tags "bad" protein then leads the protein to the proteasome which acts like a paper shredder to degrade protein. (recycles it)

Question 52

Mitochondria

Answer 52

Sites of energy production for the cell. Makes ATP. Has their own DNA but only from MOM.

Question 53

Name two major players in metabolism?

Answer 53

Pyruvic acid lactic acid. Both have 3 carbons.

Question 54

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Answer 54

2 carbon carrier. carrier does not get used up, it keeps going. Can only hold 2 carbons. Acetyl group CH3COO-

Question 55

Proton Carrier

Answer 55

FAD and NAD+ they carry Hydrogen

Question 56

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 56

No Oxygen. lactic acid is formed because you cannot give a carbon without O2 and therefore you create acid.

Question 57

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 57

Has Oxygen. Can get ride of extra carbon and move on to create CO2 then give to acetyl group to carrier to kreb cycle.

Question 58

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 58

Cytoplasm

Question 59

Where doe the kreb cycle happen?

Answer 59

Mitochondria

Question 59

Hypotonic

Answer 59

More solutes in the cell than in the solution

Question 60

Hypertonic

Answer 60

More solutes outside the cell than in the cell

Question 61

Isotonic

Answer 61

Equal. Some water moves out and some moves in