Module 3 Flashcards by Jessica Rocha

Organic chemistry is the study of which element?

Carbon

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The molecular formula for glucose fructose and galactose is C6H12O6. Because they all have different molecular structures, they are?

Isomers

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Carbon is unique because it can form a wide variety of compounds. The reason for this is because carbon is in a group IV of the periodic table and therefore can form___ bonds.

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What is the name of the functional group shown here? R–O-H?

Hydroxyl

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What is the name of the functional group shown here? R–S-H?

Sulfahydrl

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What is the name of the functional group with this formula -PO42-?

Phosphate (important for ATP)

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An organic molecule with a carbon/water ratio of 1:1 is a?

Carbohydrate

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Which of the macronutrients is water insoluble because it has more carbon than oxygen atoms?

Lipids

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Multiple amino acids connected with peptide bonds are called a?

Polypeptide (up to 30 then it is called a protein)

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The building blocks of polymers are?

Monomers

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What are the monomers of polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides

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What would be the molecular formula of a monosaccharide containing 5 carbons?

C5H10O5 Pentose sugars

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To be considered a triglyceride, there must be a glycerol backbone and three?

Fatty acids

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A macronutrient monomer with the molecular formula of CH3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH is likely a?

Lipid (unsatured fat)

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A macronutrient with an amino, carboxyl, and “R” group is called a?

Amino acid

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Polymers of amino acids are?

Proteins (above 30) below 30 Polypeptide

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Because they are monosaccharides containing 5 carbons, ribose and deoxyribose are?

Pentoses (pentose sugars)

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A polymer of nucleotides is a?

DNA and RNA

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A compound that contains three or more monosaccharides is a?

Polysaccharides

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Stored polysaccharide in plants that is digestible by humans is?

Starch (amylome)

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What is the name of the anabolic reaction that connects nutrient monomers to form polymers?

Dehydration synthesis (endogonic reaction) receive energy

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ABO blood groups are characterized by different____ on the cell’s surface?

Glycolipid

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Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, but cannot be ___ by humans.

digested

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Two amino acids that have been combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction is called a?

dipeptide

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Sucrose (table sugar) is split into glucose and fructose by the enzyme sucrase. This would be an example of a catabolic reaction known as?

Hydrolysis (exergonic) releases energy

A disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose molecules is?

Maltose

A phospholipid with a carbohydrate chain attached would be called a ___-lipid.

glyco

Which lipid is a major component of all cell membranes?

Phospholipid

Water insoluble triglycerides and cholesterol (fats) are transported in the blood by structures called?

Lipoproteins

T/F: To produce energy, carbohydrates can be used both aerobically and anaerobically?

True

A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms is said to be?

Saturated

An amphipathic has both ___ and ___ regions.

hydrophic and hydrophilic

In cell membranes the phospholipid heads are found facing?

Water (outside the cell)

Testosterone and estriol are synthesized from which lipid molecule?

Cholesterol

Postaglandins and leukotrienes are 20-carbon chains formed from arachidonic adic. They are included in a group of local-acting molecules called? pg 136

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins function as:

Immune defense

Vitamins __,__, __, and ___ are fat-soluble vitamins?

A,D,E and K

Which of the lipoproteins has the highest protein content?

HDL pg 138

What mineral attaches tyrosine to make thyroxin (t4), a thyroid hormone?

Iodine

There are several levels of organization of protein molecules. The linear sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds is the ___ structure.

Primary

The simplest amino acid is glycine because it only has a ___ as its side chain.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen bonds form the ___ level of protein structure?

Secondary

What level(s) of protein organization can be denatured?

Secondary, tertiary quaternary structures

What is the function of immunological proteins?

Antibodies

Actin and myosin proteins in muscle function as ___ proteins?

Contractile

In DNA, what holds the strands of the double helix together?

Hydrogen bonds

A protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction but is not consumed by the reaction is a?

enzyme

A substrate plus "ase" is the common method for naming?

enzymes

What is the function of DNA?

genetic code

In DNA, the RNA_base uracil, is replaced by?

Thymine

In the DNA double helix, thymine is paired with?

Adenine

What is the function of ATP?

Energy

A nerve impulse is example of ___ cellular energy.

electrical

A muscle contraction is an example of ___ cellular energy?

Mechanical

Vitamins and minerals increase the speed of chemical reactions by acting as ___?

cofactors (catalyst)

___ and ___ vitamins are water-soluble?

B and C

Vitamin A or retinol is required for?

vision

Vitamin D is required for proper formation of?

bones

Vitamin K is required for?

blood clotting

Vitamin C is needed for the formation of?

connective tissue (collagen)

Folic acid is needed for the proper development of the ?

Neural tube

Chromium deficiency interferes with the efficiency of?

Insulin

Iron deficiency interferes with ___ synthesis.

Hemoglobin

Iodine deficiency interferes with ___ function?

Thyroid

Which amino acid side-chain is hydrophobic?

Leucine

Which amino side-chain(s) is/are hydrophilic?

Threonine, GLU or E and Lys or K

Which amino acid side-chain(s) will form ionic bonds?

Glu, L and Lys

Which amino acid side-chain is acidic because it has donated a H+?

COOH+

Which amino acid side-chain is basic because it accepts a H+?

Lys

glucose + glucose

Maltose

glucose + galactose

Lactose (milk sugar)

glucose + fructose

Sucrose (table sugar)

Glucose

C6H12O6 Major sugar found in the blood Cells prefer glucose as an energy source Diabetes result from a disruption of blood sugar (glucose) control

Fructose

C6H12O6 | Also called "fruit sugar" also in soft drinks

Galactose

C6H12O6 found in dairy products and sugar beets combined with glucose forms disaccharide lactose (milk sugar)

Glycogen

The most important polysaccharide in the human body

Fatty acids

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Triglycerides

(fats and oils) Protection, insulation , energy storage.

Phospholipids

Major lipid component of cell membranes

Cholesterol (steroid)

Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile sale, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.

Bile salts(steroid)

needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

Vitamin D

helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair.

Adrenocortical hormones (steroid)

Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance.

Sex hormones (steroid)

Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.

Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins and leukotrienes)

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.

Carotenes (other lipid)

Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, which is used to make visual pigments in the eyes, also function as antioxidants

Vitamin E (other lipid)

Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system, and functions as an antioxidant.

Vitamin K (other lipid)

Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

Lipoproteins (other lipid)

Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from the blood.

Protein monomer

an amino acid

Protein polymer

proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis

What loves water?

Oxygen

What is always the first amino acid in every protein as it is made?

Methionine (AA)

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin A and name its class?

Poor teeth and gums; night blindness. Fat-soluble class (DEAK)

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin C and names it class?

Scurvy(bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen joints; slow would healing; weight loss) Water-soluble class.

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin D and names it class?

Rickets in children(low blood calcium, soft bones, distorted skeleton) Fat-Soluble class (DEAK)

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin K and names it class?

Slow blood clotting. Fat-Soluble class (DEAK)

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin B and names it class?

Neural tube defects in pregnancy (folic acid) Pernicious anemia (b12). Water-Soluble class

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral fluorine?

Increased incidence of dental caries; osteoporosis

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Chromium?

Relative insulin resistance; impaired glucose tolerance; elevated serum lipids

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Iron?

Iron-deficiency anemia

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Iodine?

Goiter; hypothyroidism