Module 2 Flashcards by Grace Cooney

describe the base of the heart

superior
wide surface
posterior to sternum

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describe the apex of the base

inferior tip

- 12-14 cm from base

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what cavity is the heart located in

thoracic cavity

- anterior mediastinum

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what is the pericardium

and its different layers

covers the heart
double walled sac

outer parietal pericardium
inner visceral pericardium or epicardium

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What are the three layers of the heart wall

Epicardium
covers the heart
Endocardium
endothelium covers inner surfaces
Myocardium
muscular wall

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features of the two 2 superior atria

thin walled
0 receiving chambers
externally separated from ventricles by the coronary sulcus

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features of the 2 ventricles

thick walled
discharging chambers
externally separated from each other by inter ventricular sulcus

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where does the right atria revise deoxygenated blood from

superior vena cava (from regions superior to diaphragm)
inferior vena cava (from regions inferior to diaphragm)
coronary sinus
(from coronary blood supply)

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where does the left atria receive oxygenated blood from

right and left pulmonary veins from the lungs

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which vessels take blood away from the ventricles

pulmonary trunk

- aorta

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how are internal ventricles separated from the atria

via atrioventricular valves
(right = tricuspid)
(left = bicuspid)

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what does the chord tendinea anchor

atrioventricular valves

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what are the chord tendinae attached to

papillary muscles

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which side of the ventricular muscle is thicker

left = thicker
generates 4-6X more force
contracts from bottom - up

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role of atrioventricular valves

prevent back flow of blood into atria when ventricles contract
tensing of chordae tendinea and contraction of papillary muscles stop valves from everting

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role of semilunar valves

forced open when ventricles contract

- close when ventricles relay and blood in arteries try to flow backwards

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role of coronary circulation

supply blood to the myocardium as blood flowing through the heart doesn’t nourish tissue

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where does the left coronary artery give rise to

anterior interventicular artery which supplied anterior ventricles

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where does the right coronary artery give rise to

the posterior inter ventricular artery which supplies posterior ventricles

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when does blood move into the coronary arteries

when the ventricles relax and blood in the aorta attempts to move backwards towards the heart

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role of the great cardiac vein

drain the anterior regions supplied by the anterior inter ventricular artery

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role of the middle cardiac vein

drains the posterior area supplied by the posterior interventricular artery

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where do all veins drain to and then where does this drain to ?

coronary sinus

- drains into right atrium

characteristics of angina pectoris

temporary deficiency of myocardial blood supply (narrowed coronary vessels)
thoracic pain
increased physical demand on the heart
myocardial cells weaken

characteristics of myocardial infarcation

- prolonged coronary artery blockage - myocardium replaced by scar tissue - weakens heart

what type of pump is the left side of heart

systemic

what type of pump is the right side of the heart

pulmonary

what pressure gradient does blood move

down | from an area of high pressure to low

what is the pathway of blood through the heart

``` - blood enters via: superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk - to lungs ``` - to heart - four pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta

what two factors influence electrical events in the cardiac cycle

- autonomic nervous system | - intrinsic conduction system (hearts own electrical system)

what components make up the intrinsic conduction system

1. Sinoatrial Node 2. Atrioventricular node 3. Atrioventricular bundle 4. Bundle Branches 5. Purkinje fibres

intrinsic conduction system - role of sinoatrial node

- acts as pacemaker and determines heart rate

intrinsic conduction system - role of atrioventricular node

- pauses here for atria to complete contraction

intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular bundle

- connects atria and ventricles

intrinsic conduction system - bundle branches

- conduct the impulses through inter ventricular septum

intrinsic conduction system - Purkinje Fibres

- penetrate ventricle walls | - depolarise ventricular myocardium

role of cardioacceleratory centre and where does it supply sympathetic input to

- increase heart rate and force of contraction | - sympathetic input via thoracic spinal cord to SA and AV node, Myocardium, Coronary arteries

role of cardioinhibitory centre and where does it supply parasympathetic input

- decreases heart rate | - parasympathetic input via vagus nerve to SA and AV nodes

describe electrocardiography

- detects cardiac electrical events - electrodes placed on 12 parts of body - composite of all the action potentials generated by the heart

ECG - P wave

- depolarisation of the atria | - beginning at the SA node

ECG - QRS complex

- depolarisation of the ventricles | - atrial repolarisation

ECG - T wave

- repolarisation of the ventricles

what can changes in an ECG pattern reveal

- if conduction pathway is normal - if heart is enlarged - if certain regions are damaged - cause of chest pain

systole

contraction

diastole

relaxation

how long is the cardiac cycle

one complete heart beat

List the 8 stages in the cardiac cycle

1. All chambers relaxed - ventricles partially filled 2. Atrial Systole - contracts completely filling relaxed ventricles 3. Atrial Systole ends and atrial diastole egos 4. Ventricular Systole (part1) - beings at apex, closes Av valves but pressure not great enough to open SL valves = isovolumetric contraction 5. Ventricular Systole (part2) - SL valves open from increased pressure = ventricular ejection 6. Ventricular diastole (early) - ventricles relax, arterial blood flows backwards = SL closes 7. Isovolumetric Relaxation - no change in blood volume, blood flows backwards and Av valves remain closed 8. Ventricular diastole (late) - al heart chambers relaxed. AV valves open, blood moves passively from atria to the ventricles

what is the average resting heart rate

75bpm

what occurs in the cardiac cycle when heart rate increases

- all phases shortened - especially ventricular diastole - blood volume pumped by heart is reduced

What does the sound of Lubb s1 mean

closure of AV valves

what does the sound of Dupp s2 mean

closure of SL valves

what does a heart murmur mean

blood back flow through incompetent valve

correlating electrical and mechanical events - P wave

atrial depolarisation to atrial systole

correlating electrical and mechanical events - QRS complex

ventricular depolarisation to ventricular systole

correlating electrical and mechanical events - T wave

ventricular diastole