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BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

function of the kidneys

A
  • maintain the volume and composition of the body’s extracellular fluids
  • process blood, retain useful substances whilst forming urine as a waste product
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3
Q

list the functions of the urinary system

A
  1. regulates
  2. excretes waste
  3. endocrine
  4. produces
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4
Q

Functions of the urinary system - regulates

A
  • regulates fluid volume to control blood water content and thus blood volume
  • regulates solutes and electrolytes
  • regulates acid base balance to control blood pH
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5
Q

Functions of the urinary system - excretes waste

A
  • excretes metabolic waste e.g. urea

- excretes foreign waste e.g. drugs

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6
Q

Functions of the urinary system - endocrine

A
  • erythropoietin (hormone that stimulates RBC)

- renin (maintenance of blood pressure)

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7
Q

Functions of the urinary system - produces

A
  • produces active vitamin D

- produces glucose to maintain levels when fasting

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8
Q

how are the kidneys supplied with blood

A

by the renal arteries; derived from branches of the ABDOINAL AORTA

(drains through renal veins into inferior vena cava)

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9
Q

what are the 3 regions of the kidney structure

A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
  3. pelvis
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10
Q

Kidney - Cortex

A

outer region containing cortical nephrons

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11
Q

Kidney - Medulla

A

cone shaped tissue called renal pyramids

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12
Q

Kidney - Pelvis

A
  • funnel shape continuous with ureter

- drains papillae through minor calcyces then to major calyces

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13
Q

The Nephron - Renal Corpuscle

A

capillaries and glomerular capsule are specialised for filtration

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14
Q

The Nephron - Renal tubule

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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15
Q

nephron

A

urine forming units of the kidney

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16
Q

what are the 2 major groups of nephrons

A
  • cortical nephrons (85%)

= juxtamedullary nephrones (renal medulla, concentrates urine)

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17
Q

what does blood pass through to enter and exit the gomerulus

A

in through afferent arteriole and out by efferent arteriole

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18
Q

what are the 3 major processes of urine production

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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19
Q

describe pertibular capillaries

A

close to renal tubes

low pressure, prous capillaries

readily absorb solutes and water

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20
Q

describe vasa recta

A

long straight vessels serving juxtamedullary nephrons to form concentrated urine

21
Q

what does blood pressure drive

A

filtration

22
Q

what does the filtration membrane of the glomerulus consist of

A
  • perforated endothelium of golmerular capillaries
  • epitheelial cells or podocytes of the inner layer of capsule
  • collagenous basement membrane
23
Q

define glomerular filtration

A

a non selective process in which hydrostatic (blood) pressure forces fluid through the glomerular membrane

24
Q

what does the filter allow to pass

A

free passage of water and most solutes, including ions, glucose,

25
golmerular filtration rate
total volume of filtrate produced by kidneys per minute
26
what drives glomerular filtration
hydrostatic pressure pushing the fluid out of the blood
27
formula for glomerular filtration
GFR=NFPX SAxPERM
28
what does increased GFR lead to
increased urinary output (vice versa)
29
what mechanisms regulate GFR
- intrinsic (auto) regulation - neural control - renin angiotensin system
30
describe the function of auto regulation in relation to GFR
automatically adjusts blood pressure in glomerular capillaries to compensate for small changes in systemic blood pressure
31
define tubular reabsorption
a selective process that reclaims most of the filtrate formed during glomerular filtration
32
passage of solutes moving through cels in tubular reabsorption
move through cells of tubular epithelium and capillary endothelium back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries
33
is reabsorption regulated in the proximal convoluted tubule
no it is unregulated
34
how much water and NA+ is reabsorbed at PCT
65%
35
where are K+ and uric acid reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption
PCT
36
where is the majority of absorption in the nephron loop, ascending or descending loop ?
ascending
37
what is the role of aldosterone in reabsorption at the DCT and CD
stimulates cells to reabsorb more NA+
38
define tubular secretion
a selective process moving substances from the blood into the filtrate
39
where does tubular secretion occur
along the length of the tubule and CD
40
why is tubular secretion essential
- to clear plasma of unwanted substances - elimination of excess K+ - control of blood pH (secretes H+ when pH of extracellular rises)
41
define urine
the "stuff" removed from the body after filtration, reabsorption and secretion by the renal tubule
42
what is the chemical composition of urine
- 95% water | - 5% solutes (NA,K,CA,Mg,HCO)
43
what does the presence of protein in urine mean
pregnancy, hypertension, renal disease
44
what does the presence of ketone bodies in urine mean
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
45
what does the presence of bile in urine mean
liver disease, obstruction of bile ducts
46
what does the presence of RBC and WBC in urine mean
RBC - trauma, kidney stones, infection, cancer WBC - cancer
47
what is the pathway of urine
papillae of pyramids minor calyces major calyces pelvis ureter bladder
48
structure of urethra
- muscular tube - involuntary control (smooth muscle) - voluntary control (skeletal muscle)
49
micturition
urination or voiding as stretch receptors are activated once impulses are sent to the spinal cord

BMA - SEMESTER 2 (8 decks)

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