Module 2 - biological molecules

Question 1

What 3 elements are carbohydrates made from?

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 2

What are carbohydrates

Answer 2

Carbohydrates are made up of single monomer units called monosaccharides

Question 3

What are monosaccharides ?

Answer 3

single sugars

Question 4

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 4

Hexoses
Glucose
Fructose
pentose
Ribose
Deoxyribose

Question 5

What are disaccharides?

Answer 5

when 2 monomers join together

Question 6

examples of disaccharides

Answer 6

Maltose
lactose
sucrose

Question 7

What is maltose composed of?

Answer 7

two glucose molecules

Question 8

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 8

When many monosaccharides join

Question 9

examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 9

Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch

Question 10

What are oliosaccharides?

Answer 10

they have shorter - chain polysaccharide
- these are not sugars

Question 11

Properties of monosaccharides

Answer 11

• single molecules
• sweet to taste

Question 12

Do monosaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Structure of monosaccharides

Answer 13

exist as a single ring shape

Question 14

Solubility of monosaccharides in water

Answer 14

soluble

Question 15

Roles of monosaccharides

Answer 15

• energy release, transported in blood
• monomers for other carbohydrates

Question 16

Properties of disaccharides?

Answer 16

• two molecules covalently joined
• sweet to taste

Question 17

Do disaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

Answer 17

single glycosidic bonds

Question 18

Structure of disaccharides

Answer 18

two rings joined

Question 19

Role of disaccharides

Answer 19

• energy release, storage, and transport within plants

Question 20

Properties of polysaccharides

Answer 20

• many molecules covalently joined to each other
• not sweet

Question 21

Solubility of polysaccharides in water?

Answer 21

insoluble

Question 22

do polysaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

Answer 22

• many glycosidic bonds

Question 23

structure of polysaccharides?

Answer 23

• long chains which may be branched and coiled
• compact

Question 24

roles of polysaccharides?

Answer 24

-energy storage, structural component of the cell walls

Question 25

Solubility of monosaccharides in water?

Answer 25

soluble

Question 26

Two types of starch?

Answer 26

amylose and amylopectin

Question 27

What is glucose?

Answer 27

Glucose in living organisms is a substrate used in aerobic respiration. This releases energy. It is small/soluble

Question 28

Glucose formula

Answer 28

C6H12O6

Question 29

what type of sugar is glucose?

Answer 29

Hexose sugar

Question 30

Glucose exists in two forms:

Answer 30

alpha and beta

Question 31

difference between alpha and glucose molecule

Answer 31

- same molecular formula, arranged differently. - affects how moleules behave when they join to form polymers

Question 32

what type of sugar are Ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 32

- Both pentose C5H10O5

Question 33

What is ribose used for?

Answer 33

Used in RNA

Question 34

What is deoxyribose used for?

Answer 34

used in DNA

Question 35

Features of disaccharides?

Answer 35

They form when a condensation reaction (loss of water) happens between 2 monosaccharides, forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 36

How does maltose get breakdown into glucose?

Answer 36

- Hydrolysis reaction occurs - addition of water - and enzyme - maltose

Question 37

Are all disaccharides reducing sugars?

Answer 37

Yes apart from sucrose

Question 38

What roles does sucrose have in organisms?

Answer 38

Sugar is transported in the phloem of the plant

Question 39

What role does lactose have in mammals?

Answer 39

- High in energy - used in milk

Question 40

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 40

large polymers which are made by joined by lots of monosaccharides together by condensation reactions, creating long chains

Question 41

What bonds are monosaccharides joined by?

Answer 41

glycosidiacc bonds

Question 42

Roles of polysacchardies?

Answer 42

Used as energy stores - starch (plant cells) - Glycogen (animal cells) Structural strengths - Cellulose (plant cell walls)

Question 43

What is starch made from?

Answer 43

Starch is made from alpha glucose molecules arranged in 2 different ways; amylose and amylopectin

Question 44

What is amylose?

Answer 44

long chains of 1,4, linked aplha glucose, coiled into a spiral shape

Question 45

What bonds are amylose held by?

Answer 45

It is stabilised by hydrogen bonds holding the helix shape

Question 46

What is amylopectin?

Answer 46

long chains 1,4 linked alpha glucose molecules with short branches (1,6 linked)

Question 47

How is the structure of starch made as a good energy storage molecules in plants?

Answer 47

- unreactive - it is used as an energy store - compact - a lot can be stored in a small space inside the cell due to amylopectin being branched and amylose being a helix - energy is released for respiration

Question 48

What is glycogen?

Answer 48

- main energy store in animals - made of long chains of alpha glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched (1-6 glycosidic bonds)

Question 49

How is glycogen different to amylopectin?

Answer 49

- shorter chains - more branches - more compact - can be stored into a small space

Question 50

Why would animals need an energy storage molecule that is even more branched than found in plant cells?

Answer 50

-more branches means it is broken down more rapidly and release energy needed for cellular reactions - animals are far more active than plants

Question 51

where is cellulose found in plants?

Answer 51

cell walls

Question 52

what is cellulose made from?

Answer 52

Beta glucose

Question 53

Is cellulose a polysaccharide?

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

How do beta glucose molecules join together?

Answer 54

They can join together if every other molecule is flipped 180 degrees

Question 55

Structure of cellulose?

Answer 55

straight chain molecule NOT coiled or branched

Question 56

What bonds are formed between cellulose?

Answer 56

dellulose chains are linked by hydrogen bonds forming strong fibres called microfibrils

Question 57

what are macrofibrils?

Answer 57

They are weak hydrogen bonds joined together to give them great strength

Question 58

what happens to the macromolecules?

Answer 58

- they cross over each other to form the cell wall of plants - they are embedded in a gel like structure called pectin which holds them into place