Module 5 - Homeostasis

Question 1

where are the adrenal glands found?

Answer 1

found above the kidneys

Question 2

what type of glands are adrenal glands?

Answer 2

endocrine glands

Question 3

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 3

cortex and medulla

Question 4

what does the cortex do?

Answer 4

secretes steroid hormones

Question 5

example of hormones cortex secretes?

Answer 5

cortisol and aldosterone

Question 6

what are cortisol and aldosterone ?

Answer 6

stress hormones and promotes glucogeneisis

Question 7

what is glucogeneisis ?

Answer 7

(proteins and lipids made in to glucose) for respiration

Question 8

what do the hormones in the cortex do?

Answer 8

• cause the kidney to reabsorb more Na+ + H20
• increases blood pressure and volume
• surpressed immune system

Question 9

what is the role of the medulla?

Answer 9

secretes hormones

Question 10

example of hormones found in the medulla?

Answer 10

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 11

what do adrenaline and noradrenaline do?

Answer 11

• increase heart rate and breathing rate
• promote glycogenolysis

Question 12

what is glycogenolysis?

Answer 12

Glucogen -> Glucose (for respiration)

Question 13

what type of glands is the pancreas part of?

Answer 13

endocrine glands

Question 14

what is the pancreas found in the body?

Answer 14

• ## found below the stomach

Question 15

what does the pancreas contain?

Answer 15

the islets of langerhans

Question 16

what is the islets of langerhans?

Answer 16

• the endocrine tissue

Question 17

what are the two type of cells?

Answer 17

alpha and beta cells

Question 18

what do alpha cells secrete?

Answer 18

glucogan

Question 19

what do beta cells secretes?

Answer 19

insulin

Question 20

what are the steps of normal blood glucose?

Answer 20

-potassium ion channel is open
- potassium diffuses out of the beta cell
- inside of the cell is relatively negative (-70mv)
- calcium ion channel is closed

Question 21

what are the steps of high blood glucose?

Answer 21

• blood glucose levels become high
• glucose enters by facilitate diffusion
• glucose is respired to form ATP is the mitochondria
• ATP belong the potassium channel
• membrane depolarises
• calcium ion channels open
• caclium diffuses into the beta cells
• causes the vesicles of insulin to be releases exocytosis

Question 22

what can you make glucose from?

Answer 22

• non - carbohydrates (e.g. lipids)
• glycogen

Question 23

what type of reaction is glucose to glycogen and vice versa?

Answer 23

• one way reaction

Question 24

structure of glycogen?

Answer 24

1-6 glycosisic bonds
-strongly branched polymer

Question 25

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 25

- Splitting of glycogen - promoted by glucagon and adrenaline

Question 26

what is gluconeogensis?

Answer 26

- making new glucose - promoted by glucagon

Question 27

what is glycogensis?

Answer 27

- making glycogen - the hormone that does this is insulin

Question 28

what cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 28

alphacells - in the islets of langerhans

Question 29

what cell secrete adrenaline?

Answer 29

adrenal glands

Question 30

what cells secrete insulin?

Answer 30

beta cells - in the islets of langerhans

Question 31

when does this happen for glucagon?

Answer 31

low blood glucose

Question 32

when does this happen for adrenaline?

Answer 32

low blood glucose

Question 33

when does this happen for insulin?

Answer 33

high blood glucose

Question 34

where does glucagon attach to the receptors?

Answer 34

liver

Question 35

where does adrenaline attach to the receptors?

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

where does insulin attach to the receptors?

Answer 36

liver and muscles

Question 37

what does glucagon have the effect on blood glucose?

Answer 37

increases it

Question 38

what does adrenaline have the effect on blood glucose?

Answer 38

increases it

Question 39

what does insulin have the effect on blood glucose?

Answer 39

- decreases it

Question 40

what are the mechanisms of glucagon?

Answer 40

- decreases the rate of respiration - glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose) - glycogeneolysis (non carbs to glucose) e.g. lipids and amino acids

Question 41

what are the mechanisms of adrenaline?

Answer 41

- activates glycogeneolysis - secretes insulin - inhbits glycogenosis - secretion of glucagon

Question 42

what are the mechanisms of insulin?

Answer 42

- increases the rate of respiration - glucogensis (glucose -> glycogen) - increase liver + muscle cells permeability beta glucose

Question 43

what is diabetes?

Answer 43

An illnesses when blood glucose levels are no controlled

Question 44

what is hyperglycaenia?

Answer 44

dangerously high blood glucose concentration

Question 45

what is hypoglycanemia?

Answer 45

dangerously low blood glucose concentration

Question 46

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 46

immune system kill beta cells in the islets of Langerhans - they cannot produce insulin

Question 47

what is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 47

- obesity - lack of exercise - poor diet - beta cells do not respond to insulin - liver and muscle cells stop responding to the insulin

Question 48

what age group is common for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 48

children and young adults

Question 49

what age group is common for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 49

adults and elderly

Question 50

what is the effect on blood glucose for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 50

- rise after eating carbs (hyperglucaenmia) - stays high ->kidneys -> cannot remove all the glucose from urine

Question 51

what is the effect on blood glucose for type2 diabetes?

Answer 51

- rise after eating carbohydrates - hyperglycanenmia

Question 52

what are the treatments for type 1 ?

Answer 52

- insulin injection/pump - too much insulin can result in hypoglycemia - avoid simple carbohydrates such as sugars - eat at regular intervals regular exercise to use up glucose

Question 53

what are the treatments for type 2?

Answer 53

- eat healthily - lose weight regular exercise - drugs to reduce the amount of glucose replaced - increases sensitivity to insulin - produce more insulin

Question 54

what are the two main treatments of type 1?

Answer 54

- genetically modified bacteria - using stem cells

Question 55

how can genetically modified bacteria be made?

Answer 55

using human insulin

Question 56

what are the advantages of genetically modified bacteria?

Answer 56

- human insulin means fewer immune reactions - insulin produced is pure - no contamination can be made in larger quantities - faster - cheaper

Question 57

what are the disadvantages of genetically modified bacteria?

Answer 57

- uses genetically modified bacteria - some people have religious or ethical objections

Question 58

how can genetically stem cells be made?

Answer 58

inject stem cells into the beta cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas - uses totipotent embrotonic stem cells differentiate into functional beta cells which can produce and secrete insulin

Question 59

what are the advantages of using stem cells?

Answer 59

- patients do not need to inject insulin - treatments lasts to the lifetime of the patient

Question 60

what are the disadvantages of using stem cells?

Answer 60

- requires use of embryonic stem cells - some people have religious or ethical objections - stem cells may develop other type of cells and cause harms e.g tumours/cancers

Question 61

What are endotherms?

Answer 61

Organisms that internally control their body temperature by homeostasis e.g mammals, birds

Question 62

What are ectotherms?

Answer 62

Organisms that depend on external sources of heat e.g. reptiles

Question 63

Features of endotherms?

Answer 63

- control body temperature - behaviour - dog sticking out tongue when not - sweating, cool off in water/shade - high and constant rate of metabolism - not dependent on the environment- does not rely on temperature - high and constant body temperature

Question 64

Features of ectotherms?

Answer 64

- behaviour e.g basking in sun - dependent on the environment - activity depends on the environment- e.g. active when they are warm - body temperature - variable