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Biology: Paper 1: Biological Processes > Module 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of cilia (and undulipodia)

A
  • 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a cylinder with a pair in the middle
  • 9 + 2 arrangement
  • Each pair has its own tiny motor protein
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2
Q

What is the function of cilia (and undulipodia)

A
  • Wafts mucus
  • propelling sperm
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3
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A
  • 9 Triplets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder
  • a pair is a centrosome
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4
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

produces spindle fibres during cell division

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5
Q

What is the structure of Flagellae?

A

a single actin fibre

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6
Q

What is the function of Flagellae?

A

moves in a whip like function to propel bacteria

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7
Q

Where are the intermediate fibres located?

A

Randomly scattered around the cell

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8
Q

What is the structure of intermediate fibres?

A

Long strands of protein made from actin

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9
Q

What is the function of intermediate fibres?

A
  • They give mechanical strength to the cells
  • maintain integrity
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10
Q

Where are the microfilaments located?

A

forming a network around the inside of the cell

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11
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

contractile fibres formed from the protein actin

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12
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A
  • Cell movement
  • Cell contraction
  • Cell division
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13
Q

Where are the microtubules located?

A

concentrated around the outside of the cell

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14
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Hollow tubes made of alpha and beta tubulin

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15
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A
  • provides shape of cell
  • cell movement
  • cell division
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16
Q

What is the structure of flagellum?

A

a single protein filament rotated by a molecular motor

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17
Q

What is the function of flagellum?

A

Used for cell movement

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18
Q

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins

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19
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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20
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

smaller than those in eukaryotes

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21
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

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22
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

made of peptidoglycan

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23
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

to help the cell to resisit the effects of high tugor pressure

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24
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasm?

A

liquid mostly composed of water

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25
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

medium for chemical reactions within the cell

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26
Q

What is the structure of pili?

A

short, projections of the cytoskeleton within the plasma membrane

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27
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

To help bacteria move in response to stimuli

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28
Q

What is the structure of plasmids?

A

Small, circular, double -stranded DNA molecule

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29
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Can be exchanged between bacteria by conjugation

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30
Q

What is the structure of free chromosomal DNA?

A

one molecule DNA, chromosome is supercoiled to make it compact

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31
Q

What is the sfunction of free chromosomal DNA?

A

Helps to store and transmit biological information to another cell

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32
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

Small, hallow cylinders made of microtubules

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33
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

produces spindle fibres in cell division

34
Q

What is the structure of vesicles?

A

small fluid filled sacs surrounded by a membrane

35
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

Used to transport cells around the body

36
Q

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

A

thin layer of fats and proteins found around the outside of the cell

37
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell

38
Q

What is the structure of rough endoplasmic recticulum?

A

a system of interconnected membrane sacs called cristernae studded with ribosomes.

39
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic recticulum?

A

proteins for export from the cell are made here

40
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

a small organelle made of protein and RNA

41
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

proteins are made here

42
Q

what is the structure of the nucleolus?

A

spherical region within the nucleus

43
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

produces ribosomes

44
Q

what is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a system of interconnected membrane bound sacs called cisternae

45
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises and processed lipids

46
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

double membrane bound organelle containing cristae

47
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration

48
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A

large organelle surrounded by a double membrane with pores.

49
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains DNA in the form of chromatin

50
Q

what is the structure of the golgi appraratus?

A

a group of dish shaped fluid filled sacs called cristernae

51
Q

what is the function of the golgi appraratus?

A

processes and packages proteins for export

52
Q

what is the structure of the lysosome?

A

a specialised vesicle containg digestive enzymes

53
Q

what is the function of the lysosome?

A

the enzyme used to break down the waste products

54
Q

what is the structure of the cell wall?

A

a rigid but porous network of cellulose fibres

55
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

giving structural supoort to plant cells by helping maintaining tugor pressure

56
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A

double membrane bound oval organelles conatining thylakoids

57
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis

58
Q

what is the structure of the permanent vacuole?

A

a sac containing cell sap surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplasts

59
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Involved in maintaining tugor pressure

60
Q

Stage micrometer and gracticule

A

1 gracticule division = a number of micrometers/ number of gracticle divisions.

graticle divisions x magnification factor = measurement (um)

61
Q

produces and secretes proteins (1)

A

mRNA is made in the nucleus and leaves via the nucleus pore

62
Q

produces and secretes proteins (2)

A

instructions for making the mRNA are contained in the mRNA

63
Q

produces and secretes proteins (3)

A

mRNA attached to the Ribosomes

64
Q

produces and secretes proteins (4)

A

The protein is synthesised on the ribosome and passed the RER, where it is packaged into vesicles which are moved by the cytoskeleton to the gogi apparatus

65
Q

produces and secretes proteins (5)

A

The protein is modified at the gogi apparatus then put into vesicles and moved towards the cell surface membrane for exocytosis

66
Q

what is calibration?

A

It means to work out each division on the gracticule measures (on the stage micrometer) at a particular magnification

67
Q

what is magnification?

A
  • The number of times greater the size of the image is that the size of the real object.
  • Magnification = Image size/size of object
68
Q

What is Resolution?

A
  • The ability to distinguish between objects that are very close together - higher resolution means more detail

-They cannot be seen using optical microscopes because its resolution is too low

69
Q

Why is staining used?

A
  • To make cells more visible
  • To increase contrast
  • Identify different cell components
70
Q

Stains are used for specific biochemicals

A
  • iodine solution stains starch granules blue and black; methylene blue stains genetic material in animal cells blue
  • In confocal microscopy, fluorescent dyes can be used to tag specific molecules
71
Q

Scannning Electron Microscope

A

A beam of electrons is sent across the surface of a specimen and the reflected electrons are collected

72
Q

Features of a Scannning Electron Microscope

A
  • specimen is non-living
  • x500 000 magnification
  • 3-10nm Resolution
    -3D images
    • Black and white images
73
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen and focused to produce an image

74
Q

Features of a Transmission electron microscope

A
  • non-living specimen
  • x500 000 magnification
  • 0.5nm resolution
  • 2D images
  • black and white images
75
Q

laser scanning confocal microscope

A

emitted light from the specimen fitted through a pinhole

76
Q

What are the features of a laser scanning confocal microscope

A
  • only light radiated from very close to the local plane is detected
  • living and non-living specimen
  • x400 magnification
  • 120nm resolution
  • 2D and 3D images produced at different focal points
77
Q

Light Microscope

A

light shines down through the objective onto the specimen

78
Q

Features of a light microscope

A
  • light reflected/scatter to the objective is then imaged back at the eyes
  • specimen is living or dead
  • x2000 magnification
  • 200nm Resolution
  • stains are used
79
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

Is a stability of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of the cell

80
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Supports the cell
  • Give the cell its shape
  • Controls cell movement
  • Holds organelle in place
81
Q

Measurements

A

cm - mm = x10
mm - um = x1000
um - nm = x1000
cm - m = /100
m - mm = 1000

82
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

image size = actual size x magnification

Biology: Paper 1: Biological Processes (12 decks)

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