Module 2 chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What elements do proteins contain
A
- Carbon
- oxygen
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
2
Q
What does the R represent in the general structure of an amino acid
A
Any other molecule
3
Q
How many different amino acids are there
A
20
4
Q
What type of bond joins amino acids together
A
Peptide bonds
5
Q
Where does the joining of amino acids occur in living organisms
A
RER
6
Q
What is a dipeptide (amino acids)
A
2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond
7
Q
What is a primary structure (amino acids)
A
The sequence of amino acids
8
Q
What breaks a H bond (amino acids)
A
Temperature
pH
9
Q
What breaks a Di-sulphide bridge bond (amino acids)
A
reducing agents
10
Q
What breaks an ionic bond (amino acids)
A
pH
11
Q
Where are ionic bonds formed (amino acids)
A
Between oppositely charged R-groups
12
Q
Where are H bonds formed
A
Between a delta + & - molecule
13
Q
Where do Di-sulphide bonds form
A
R-groups that contain sulfer atoms
14
Q
Where do hydrophobic bonds form
A
polar and non-polar R-groups
15
Q
What is a polar molecule
A
regions of + & -
16
Q
What is a Quaternary structure
A
When there are two or more tertiary proteins in the molecule
17
Q
What are the 8 functions of proteins
A
- Enzymes
- Transport
- Movement
- cell recognition
- channels
- structure
- hormones
- protection
18
Q
What are the 3 different types of proteins
A
- Fibrous proteins
- Conjugated
- Globular
19
Q
What are fibrous proteins properties
A
- Insoluble
- elongated shape
20
Q
What do fibrous proteins code for
A
- Structure of cells
- collagen
21
Q
What do Conjugated proteins code for
A
- Haemoglobin
- Catalase
22
Q
What do Globular proteins code for
A
-Enzymes
23
Q
Properties of globular proteins
A
- Soluble
- 3D
24
Q
What is collagen
A
Connective tissue
25
Where is collagen found
Skin, tendons, ligaments and nervous system
26
What is collagen made of
3 polypeptides wound in long rope like structure
27
What protein type is Elastin
Fibrous protein
28
Where is Elastin found
elastic fibres in Blood vessels and alveoli
29
What is elastin made from
Tropoelastin molecules
30
Where is keratin found
Hair, skin, nails
31
What amino acid does keratin contain
Cysteine
32
What bonds are present in keratin
Strong disulfide bonds
33
What do the bonds in keratin form
strong inflexible and insoluble materials
34
What is a catalase
An enzyme specific to a particular reaction or reaction type
35
How many haem prosthetic groups does catalase contain
4
36
What does Haemoglobin do
Carries O2 pigment in RBC
37
What is the pigment in Haemoglobin made from
4 polypeptides
2 alpha
2 beta suburits
38
Why does H2O have a wide temperature range
It takes a lot of energy to break the H bond
39
How is having a wide temperature range useful
Maintains a reasonable temp in our body
40
How is being more dense as a liquid than solid useful
Ice will float on surface so H2O will remain liquid underneath
41
How is Ice a poor conductor
Spaces between molecules so it can't pass energy on
42
How is ice being a poor conductor useful
Insulates everything underneath, prevents H2O from freezing underneath
43
How is H2O being a solvent useful
Allows things to dissolve in and out of cells easier
44
How can H2O flow
Polar nature of H2O causes it to surround other polar molecules
45
How does cohesion aid water in flowing
H bonds stick together
46
How is surface tension useful
Allows some organisms to habitat on water
47
How do H2O molecules stick to other substances
other substances have a charge causing them to stick
48
What 3 elements do carbs contain
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
49
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
50
What are monosaccharides used for
- energy
| - building blocks
51
What are 3 examples of a monosaccharide
- glucose
- fructose
- ribose
52
What are 2 examples of a disaccharide
- lactose
| - sucrose
53
What are 3 examples of a polysaccharide
- Glycogen
- cellulose
- starch
54
What is an isomerism
Same molecular formula but different in structure
55
What are the 2 Isomerism's
Beta and Alpha glucose
56
What's an alpha's structure like (isomerism)
OH points down
57
What's a beta's structure like (isomerism)
OH points up
58
What's the bond called that joins 2 glucose's together
1,4 glycosidic bond
59
When is a disaccharide formed
Formed from 2 monosaccharides
60
What bond joins disaccharides together
glycosidic bond
61
Condensation reaction:
| glucose+glucose--->
Moltose
62
Condensation reaction:
| Glucose+glactose--->
lactose
63
Condensation reaction:
| glucose+frutose--->
Sucrose
64
When is a polysaccharide formed
from many monosaccharides
65
Where is starch found
plants
66
What 2 different polymers is starch made from
-Amylose
-Amylopectin
joined together
67
What glucose is amylose made from
A-Glucose (alpha)
68
What bond joins Amylose together
1,4 glycosidic bonds
69
What structure does Amylose form
Spiral structure
70
What glucose is Amylopectin made from
A-glucose (alpha)
71
What bonds join Amylopectin together
1,4 and some 1,6 bonds
72
What's Amylopectins structure like
branched structure
73
Where is Glycogen stored
- liver
| - muscles
74
What is released when glucose levels are to high
Insulin
75
What is released when glucose levels are to low
glucagon
76
What is a storage carbohydrate for mammals
Glycogen
77
Aerobic respiration equation (chemical)
C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+ 6H2O
78
Aerobic respiration equation (word)
glucose+oxygen--->carbon dioxide+water+energy
79
Is glycogen soluble
No it's insoluble
80
What glucose is glycogen made from
A-glucose (alpha)
81
What bonds join glycogen together
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
82
What structure does glycogen have
branched structure
83
What is hydrolysis
Process of adding water
84
What is hydrolase
breaking down water
85
What can enzymes break down easier branched or spiral structure
Branched as there is a higher SA:V ratio
86
Where is Cellulose found
In plants
87
What's cellulose's function
Structural polysaccharide
88
What glucose is Cellulose made from
B-glucose (beta)
89
What bonds join Cellulose together
1,4 glycosidic bond
90
What bond links adjacent chains
Hydrogen bond
91
Is Cellulose permeable or impermeable
It's completely permeable
92
What elements are Lipids made from
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
93
Where are lipids found
- Wax
- Oils
- Fats
94
Are lipids soluble or insoluble in water
Insoluble
95
What are lipids good sources for
Energy (38kJ/g)
96
Are lipids good or bad conductors of heat
Bad
97
What are most fats and oils (lipid type)
Triglycerides
98
What are the 5 types of nucleic acids
- DNA
- RNA
- tRNA
- mRNA
- rRNA
99
What does DNA stand for
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
100
What does RNA stand for
RiboNucleic Acid
101
What does tRNA stand for
transfer RNA
102
What does mRNA stand for
Messenger RNA
103
What does rRNA stand for
Ribosomal RNA
104
What are the 4 types of Ribase's
- RNA
- tRNA
- mRNA
- rRNA
105
What is DNA's role
Protein synthesis
| DNA replication
106
What is RNA's role
transcription/ translation
107
What is tRNA and mRNA's role
protein synthesis
108
What is rRNA's role
Protein synthesis
109
What does the rectangle represent in a nucleic acid structure
Nitrogenous base
110
What does the pentagon represent in a nucleic acid structure
pentose sugar
111
What does the circle represent in the nucleic acid structure
Phosphate group
112
What bonds join together a nucleic acid
Phosphodiester bond
113
What are the 5 bases
- A
- G
- T
- C
- U
114
What are the DNA bases
- A
- G
- T
- C
115
What is the RNA base
-U
116
What does base A stand for
Adenine
117
What does base T stand for
Thymine
118
What does base G stand for
Guanine
119
What does base C stand for
Cytosine
120
What does base U stand for
Uracil
121
What are the 2 Purine bases
- A
| - G
122
What are the 3 pyrimidine bases
- T
- C
- U
123
How can you tell if a base is a Purine
It has 2 pentagons
124
What does A bind with for DNA
-T
125
What does T bind with for DNA
-A
126
What does G bind with for DNA
-C
127
What does C bind with for DNA
-G
128
What does C bind with for RNA
-G
129
What does G bind with for RNA
-C
130
What does A bind with for RNA
-U
131
What does U bind with for RNA
-A
132
Why is there no T in RNA
T won't survive the cytoplasm's conditions
133
What would happen to T in the cytoplasm
It would break down
134
What does a Purine bond to
A perimidine
135
How many H bonds does A (U or T) form
2`
136
How many H bonds does G - C form
3
137
How many strands are there in RNA
1
138
How are nucleotides formed
By a condensation reaction
139
Where do bonds occur
at carbon 3 and 5
140
How base pairs make up 1 turn
10 base pairs
141
How long is 10 base pairs
3.4 nm long
142
What do Histones do
Hold DNA strands together
143
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids
- DNA
| - RNA
144
What elements do nucleic acids contain
- Carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- phosphorus
145
What 3 components is an individual nucleotide made up of
- Pentose monosaccharide
- Phosphate group
- nitrogenous base
146
What is the simple term for a pentose monosaccharide
sugar
147
How many carbon atoms does a pentose monosaccharide have
5
148
What are the properties of a phosphate group in a nucleic acid
- Inorganic
- acidic
- negatively charged
149
What are the properties of a nitrogenous base in a nucleic acid
- complex organic molecule
- 1 or 2 carbon rings
- nitrogen
150
What reaction links the nucleotides together
Condensation reaction
151
Where is the covalent bond formed on the pentose sugar
(5')
152
What does the covalent bond on 5' of the pentose sugar bond with
Hydroxyl (OH)
153
Where is the Hydroxyl group found on the nucleic acid
5' and (3' of the adjacent nucleotide)
154
What are the bonds called that link sugars, bases and phosphate groups in a nucleic acid
Phosphodiester bonds
155
How are phosphodiester bonds broken
hydrolysis
156
What is the reverse of a condensation reaction
Hydrolysis
157
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
158
What is the sugar found in DNA
Deoxyribose
159
What is a deoxyribose
a sugar with one fewer O2 atoms than ribose
160
What bond holds the 2 strands of the double helix together
Hydrogen bonds
161
Where do the hydrogen bonds hold the double helix together
between the bases
162
How are the 2 strands in the double helix arranged
Anti-parallel (run in opposite directions)
163
How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine form
2
164
How many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine form
3
165
What does the sequence of bases along a DNA strand carry
The genetic information of an organism
166
What form does the genetic information take place as
Code
167
What does RNA stand for
Ribonucleic acid
168
What essential role does RNA play
Transfer of genetic information
169
Where does the transfer of genetic information come from and go to
Comes from DNA and goes to the proteins
170
What do proteins make up
Enzymes and tissues of the body
171
As DNA can't leave the nucleus how does the genetic information leave the nucleus
mRNA
172
What is the polymer RNA composed of
many nucleotide monomers
173
How are RNA and DNA nucleotides different
- The pentose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose
| - thymine base is replaced with uracil
174
which bond and how many of them does uracil form with adenine
2 hydrogen bonds
175
How do RNA nucleotides form polymers
formation of phosphodiester bonds in condensation reactions
176
What happens when the RNA reaches the cytoplasm
- RNA molecules are degraded
- phosphodiester bonds are hydrolysed
- RNA nucleotides are released and reused
177
When a cell prepares to divide, what happens to the DNA double helix
It separates
178
Why does DNA need to replicate
- Cell division
| - reproduction
179
Why is DNA needed for cell division
new cells need new DNA for growth and tissues repair
180
Why is DNA needed for reproduction
gametes requires DNA to pass on genetic information
181
What is the first step of Semi-Conservative replication
H+ bonds between the bases are broken
182
What is the second step of Semi-Conservative replication
Double helix structure unwinds
183
What is the third step of Semi-Conservative replication
Free nucleotides join the unpaired bases
184
What is the fourth step of Semi-Conservative replication
H+ bonds form
185
What is the fifth step of Semi-Conservative replication
Phosphodiester bonds form between nucleotides
186
What does DNA helicase do
Breaks H+ bonds and unwinds molecule
187
What does DNA polymerase do
forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
188
How many strands does mRNA have
1 strand
189
Does mRNA contain deoxyribose or ribose
Ribose
190
Which bases does mRNA contain
A, G, C, U
