Module 4 chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
Order Linnaeus’s System of Classification from top to bottom
A
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
2
Q
What are the 3 reasons to classify organisms
A
- To identify species
- To predict characteristics
- To find evolutionary links
3
Q
What are the 3 domains
A
- Eukarya
- Archaea
- Bacteria
4
Q
What type of ribosomes do Eukarya have5
A
80s ribosomes
5
Q
How many proteins do Eukarya’s RNA polymerase contain
A
12
6
Q
What type of ribosomes do Archaea have
A
70s ribosomes
7
Q
Between how many proteins do Archaea’s RNA polymerase contain
A
8-10 proteins
8
Q
What type of ribosome does bacteria contain
A
70s
9
Q
What are the 5 kingdoms
A
- Prokaryotae
- Protoctista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
10
Q
Example of a prokaryotae
A
Bacteria
11
Q
Example of a Protoctista
A
The unicellular eukaryotes
12
Q
Example of a Fungi
A
Yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms
13
Q
Example of a Plantae
A
Plants
14
Q
Example of a Animalia
A
Animals
15
Q
How were organisms originally classified into kingdoms
A
based on similarities in their observable features
16
Q
Is a prokaryotae unicellular or multicellular
A
Multicellular
17
Q
Does a prokaryotae have membrane bound organelles or nucleus
A
No
18
Q
How is a prokaryotae’s DNA layed out
A
A naked ring of DNA
19
Q
Does a prokaryotae have small or large ribosomes
A
Small
20
Q
How does a prokaryotae get it’s nutrients
A
- Absorbed through cell wall
- Produced internally through photosynthesis
21
Q
Is a protoctista unicellular or multicellular
A
Mainly unicellular
22
Q
Does a protoctista have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
A
Yes
23
Q
Does a protoctista have chloroplasts
A
Sometimes
24
Q
How do Protoctista move
A
By cilia flagella or by amoeboid mechanisms
25
Can all Protoctista move
No some are sessile
26
How does a Protoctista get nutrients
photosynthesis
| ingestion of other organisms
27
Are Protoctista parasitic
Some are
28
Are fungi multicellular or unicellular
Both
29
Does fungi have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Yes
30
What is fungi's cell wall composed of
mainly Chitin
31
Does Fungi have chloroplasts or chlorophyll
Neither
32
Does fungi have a mechanism for locomotion
No
33
What are most of fungi's bodies made from
mycelium made of threads or hyphae
34
How do fungi acquire nutrients
by absorption
35
What material do fungi acquire nutrients from
Decaying material
36
What type of feeders are fungi
Saprophytic feeders
37
How do fungi store their food
Glycogen
38
How many species of Plantae are there
250,000
39
Is Plantae multi or unicellular
Multicellular
40
What organelles are in a Plantae
Nucleus
chloroplasts
cell wall
41
What is a plantae's cell wall made from
Cellulose
42
Do plantae contain chlorophyll
Yes all of them
43
Do plantae move
Not all of them
44
How do Plantae move
Gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella
45
How do Plantae get their nutrients
Photosynthesis
46
What type of feeders are plantae
Autotrophic
47
What does it mean to be an Autotrophic feeder
You make your own food
48
How do Plantae store food
As starch
49
How many species of Animalia are there
Over 1 million
50
Are animalia multi or unicellular organisms
Multicellular
51
What organelles does a Animalia have
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
52
Does an Animalia have chloroplasts
No
53
How do Animalia move
- Cilia
- flagella
- contractile proteins
- muscular organs
54
How do Animalia acquire nutrients
Ingestion
55
What type of feeders are Animalia
Heterotrophic
56
How do animalia store food
As glycogen
57
What is the humans Domain
Eukarya
58
What is the humans Kingdom
Animalia
59
What is the humans Phylum
Chordata
60
What is the humans Class
Mammalia
61
What is the humans Order
Primates
62
What is the humans Family
Hominidae
63
What is the humans Genus
Homo
64
What is the humans Species
Sapiens
65
What is a Phylogenetic tree
diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms
66
What is Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
67
What does Phylogenetics do
Reveals which group a particular organism is related to and how closely related they are
68
What do Phylogenetic trees show
that different species have evolved from a common ancestor
69
What is found at the base of a Phylogenetic tree
The earliest species
70
What is found at the tips of a Phylogenetic tree
The most recent species
71
How are Phylogenetic trees produced
By looking at similarities and differences in species'
72
What similarities and differences do scientists look at in a Phylogenetic tree
Physical characteristics
| genetic make up
73
Where do scientists get most of their evidence for evolution from
Fossils
74
What can Phylogeny be done without
Reference to Linnaean classification
75
What does classification use knowledge of
Phylogeny
76
What does classification use Phylogeny for
To confirm the classification groups are correct or causes them to be changed
77
What is a negative of the Linnaean classification
Misleading as it implies different groups within the same rank are equivalent
78
What is an advantage of Phylogeny
Produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups
79
Why is having a continuous tree in Phylogeny an advantage
scientists are not forced to put organisms into a specific group that they don't fit into
80
What is natural selection
Where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
81
What is survival of the fittest
the continued existence of organisms which are best adapted to their environment
82
Who was Charles Darwin
He was credited with formulating the theory of evolution
83
What island did Charles Darwin visit in 1835
Galapagos Islands
84
What's so special about the Galapagos Islands
They contain wild life and plant species that can't be found anywhere else
85
What did Charles notice about the Finches on the Galapagos Islands
They were similar thus be closely related but their beaks and claws were different shapes and sizes
86
What did Darwin notice that the beak adaption was for
Foods available on each island
87
What was the reason for controversy in Darwin theory
Religion
88
What was the religious issue with Darwin's theory
God created man in his own image which conflicts with humans evolving from apes
89
How did Alfred Wallace start working with Darwin
Wallace sent his ideas for peer review and they were similar so they proposed evolution through join presentations
90
When do fossils form
When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
91
Which fossils appear before each other plant or animal
Plant
92
Why do plant fossils appear before animal fossils
Because animals require plants to survive
93
What do fossils allow relationships between to be investigated
Extinct and living organisms
94
What can scientists tell by studying the anatomy of fossil organisms
How closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
95
Why is the fossil record not complete
many organisms are soft bodied therefore decomposed and not fossilised/ the conditions aren't right
96
What is comparative anatomy
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species
97
What is a homologous structure
A structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but the same underlying structure
98
What is an example of a homologous structure
pentadactyl limb of vertebrates
99
What functions are vertebrate limbs used for
- running
- jumping
- flying
100
What is an explanation of why vertebrate limbs are all similar
They've evolved from the same ancestor therefore evolved from the same structure
101
What is biochemistry
study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life
102
In evolution what are the 2 most common studied molecules
Cytochrome c, a protein
103
What is the Cytochrome c, a protein involved in
respiration and ribosomal RNA
104
What are changes that do not affect a molecules function called
'neutral'
105
Why are changes to molecules that don't affect a molecules function called neutral
They have no effect on function
106
Looking at molecules how do you tell if 2 species are related
The molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared
107
How can scientists estimate the point at which the 2 species last shared a common ancestor
The number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate the molecule undergoes neutral base pair substitutions
108
What 2 things are used to determine relationships between ancient species
- fossil information
| - Ribosomal RNA
