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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 3 chapter 8 > Flashcards

Module 3 chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve

A

Right side

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2
Q

What side of the heart is the bicuspid valve on

A

Left side

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3
Q

What does defibrillation do

A

resets the heart so it beats to its own rhythm by its natural pace makers

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4
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Resting heart rate over 100 bpm

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5
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Resting heart rate below 60 bpm

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6
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

pressure of your blood in vessels when your heart beats

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7
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

pressure of your blood in vessels between heart beats

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8
Q

What do purkinje fibres do

A

coordinate the electrical signal that causes rhythmic and synchronised contractions of the atria and ventricles

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9
Q

What does the SAN do

A

Stimulates the electrical impulse causing the contraction of the heart

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10
Q

Where is the SAN located

A

In the right atrium

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11
Q

What does the bundle of His do

A

regulates the heartbeat from the right atrium to the left and right ventricles.

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12
Q

What does the wave of depolarisation do

A

changes the charge from - to + creating an impulse

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13
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

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14
Q

What is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat

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15
Q

What is heart rate

A

The number of contractions per minute

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16
Q

What’s the relative size of the aorta

A

2.5cm in diameter

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17
Q

What’s the relative size of a medium size artery

A

0.4cm in diameter

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18
Q

What’s the relative size of an arteriole

A

30 micrometers in diameter

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19
Q

What’s the relative size of a large vein

A

> 1cm

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20
Q

What’s the relative size of a medium sized vein

A

<1cm

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21
Q

What’s the relative size of a venuole

A

0.1 mm

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22
Q

What 3 ways are capillaries adapted to their role

A
  • Large surface area
  • High resistance
  • single endothelial cell thick
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23
Q

How is a capillary having a large surface area useful

A

Makes diffusion of substances into and out of the blood

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24
Q

How is the capillaries having a high resistance useful

A

Movement of blood through the capillaries gives more time for diffusion

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25
How is the capillaries being 1 cell thick useful
Makes diffusion easier
26
What are the 3 return mechanisms in the vein to help return blood
- Valves - skeletal pump - respiratory pump
27
How do the valves aid in the return of the blood
only allow blood to travel in one direction to it's constantly moving towards the heart
28
How does the skeletal pump help return the blood to the heart
The muscles contract squeezing the veins forcing the blood towards the heart
29
How does the respiratory pump aid in the return of blood to the heart
chest acts as a pump, changing the pressure by squeezing causing the blood in the veins to move towards the heart
30
What are the different types of circulatory systems
Open---> molluscs Arthropods Closed---> single double
31
What animal has a molluscs system
Snails, clams
32
What animal has a Arthropods system
insects
33
What animal has a single system
fish
34
What animal has a double system
humans
35
2 advantages of a single circulation system
- Less energy to function | - don't maintain own body temperature
36
2 disadvantages of a single circulation system
- less efficient - 2 sets of capillaries - low BP
37
2 advantages of a double circulatory system
- 2 separate circulations (deO2, O2) - 1 capillary network - high pressure
38
1 disadvantages of a double circulatory system
lot of energy to function
39
What are the 5 types of blood vessels
- Artery's - arterioles - capillary's - venules - veins
40
What are the 3 components of blood vessels
- Elastic fibres - smooth muscle - collagen
41
Why does the blood vessel have elastic fibres
provides vessel with flexibility
42
Why does the blood vessel have Smooth muscle
Controls lumen size
43
Why does the blood vessel have Collagen
Structural support
44
What is the hyrdostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary
4.3kPa
45
What is hydrostatic pressure
Pressure created by a fluid pushing against the container that's within
46
What is tissue fluid
Blood plasma
47
What is MRS GREN an acronym for
- Movement - Respiration - Sensitivity - Growth - Reproduction - Excretion - Nutrition
48
Is there high or low hyrdostatic pressure at the arteriole
High
49
Is there high or low hyrdostatic pressure at the venuole
Low
50
Is there high or low oncotic pressure at the arteriole
Low
51
Is there high or low oncotic pressure at the venuole
High
52
What's the AVNs function
To pass the impulse to the bundle of His
53
Does the AVN delay the impulse from the SAN
Yes slightly
54
Why does the AVN delay the impulse
To make sure the ventricles contract after the atria have emptied
55
What does it mean if the cardiac muscle is myogenic
it can contract and relax without receiving signals from nerves
56
What are the cells in the cardiac muscle connected by
Cytoplasmic bridges
57
What do cytoplasmic bridges do
Allows electrical impulses to pass through
58
What is the diastole stage
Atria and ventricles fill up
59
What is the Atrial systole stage
Atria contract and empty blood into the ventricle
60
What is the ventricular systole stage
Ventricles contract
61
How long does atrial systole last
0.1 seconds
62
How long does ventricular systole last
0.3 seconds
63
What happens when the cells in the heart change and become depolarized
It causes them to contract
64
What are the 2 nodes in the heart
AVN (atro-ventricular node) | SAN (sino-artial node)
65
At rest are the nodes in the heart polarized or depolarized
Polarised
66
Where does the positive charge build up in the heart
Inside of the node
67
Where does the negative charge build up
On the outside
68
What causes the build up of the positive and negative charges
Build up of ions
69
What does T represent on the electrocardiogram (ECG)
repolarization of the ventricles (ventricular diastole)
70
What does the P wave represent on the ECG
Contraction of atria (Depolarisation)
71
What does the QRS complex represent on the ECG
Contraction of the ventricles (depolarisation)
72
What does Depolarisation mean
Contraction
73
What does Repolarisation mean
Relaxation
74
How can you diagnose tachycardia on a ECG
The graph spikes frequently
75
How can you diagnose Bradycardia on a ECG
Large spaces in the spikes of the ECG
76
How can you diagnose Ectopic heart beat on a ECG
Extra beat followed by longer than normal gap before the next beat
77
How can you diagnose Atrial fibrillation on a ECG
abnormal irregular rhythm from atria, ventricles lose regular rhythm
78
How long does single heartbeat last
0.8 seconds
79
What is the structure of arteries
Thick muscular elastic small lumen
80
What is the structure of veins
Large lumen small muscle or elastic tissue valves
81
What is the structure of capillaries
one cell thick
82
What is the function of arteries
Transport blood away from the heart
83
What is the function of veins
Transport blood towards the heart
84
What is the function of capillaries
Allows substances to diffuse from the blood stream
85
What is the structure of arterioles
layer of smooth muscle | less elastic tissue
86
What is the function of arterioles
Distribute blood to capillary beds
87
What is the structure of venules
very thin walls | some muscle cell
88
What is the function of venules
Return blood from capillary beds to larger blood vessels
89
What is Lymph
Colourless fluid containing white blood cells
90
Where is lymph found
In the villi of the small intestine
91
How is lymph fluid transported
The squeezing of our body muscles
92
How is the fetal haemoglobin adapted to get O2
It has a higher affinity level for O2 than an adult
93
transporting CO2 step 1 | What percentage of CO2 diffuses into RBC's
95%
94
transporting CO2 step 2 | 10-20% binds to what to form what
Binds to Hb forming carb-amino-haemoglobin (Hb-CO2)
95
transporting CO2 step 3 | 75-85% converted to ____ by what
H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase
96
transporting CO2 step 4 | H2CO3 dissociates into what
H+ and HCO3-
97
transporting CO2 step 5a | What is the H+ removed by
Buffers especially Hb
98
transporting CO2 step 5b | What moves out of the RBC
HCO3-
99
What is HCO3 exchanged for
Cl-

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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