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CEGEOLO EV > (MODULE 2) MINERALS AND ROCKS > Flashcards

(MODULE 2) MINERALS AND ROCKS Flashcards

1
Q

a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition.

A

mineral

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2
Q

Mineral groups are defined by their ___ and ___.

A

composition and crystal structure

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3
Q

composition: ___ and ___

A

single element and compounds

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4
Q

naturally formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances

A

rock

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5
Q

bonding through electron transfer caused by the attraction force between ions of opposite charge

A

ionic bonding

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6
Q

bonding through electron sharing

A

covalent bonding

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7
Q

bonding wherein atoms are closely packed and the electrons move freely throughout the crystal so as to hold the atoms together

A

metallic bonding

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8
Q

weak bonding between sheets

A

van der waals bonding

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9
Q

types of bonding arranged from weakest to strongest
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. van der waals
  2. metallic
  3. ionic
  4. covalent
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10
Q

The three mechanisms that generate minerals and rocks are:
1. P___
2. C___
3. D___

A
  1. Precipitation of mineral matter from a solution
  2. Crystallization of molten rock by cooling
  3. Deposition as a result of biological processes
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11
Q

explain how precipitation of mineral matter from a solution occurs.

A

a drop in temperature and water loss through evaporation can cause the solution to reach saturation wherein ions bond to form crystalline solids (salts).

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12
Q

explain how crystallization of molten rock by cooling occurs.

A

When the magma is still hot, the atoms are very mobile. However, as the molten material cools, the atoms slow and chemically combine. The slower the cooling process, the larger and lesser the crystals would be.

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13
Q

explain how deposition as a result of biological processes occurs.

A

biological process of all sorts can supply mineral matter

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14
Q

The atoms in most solids are organized in regular, geometric patterns, called the ___.

A

crystal structure

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15
Q

Minerals with the same chemical composition but different structures

A

polymorphs

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16
Q

Only 12 elements occur in the continental crust. enumerate them.

A
  1. iron
  2. aluminum
  3. magnesium
  4. sodium
  5. calcium
  6. potassium
  7. oxygen
  8. silicon
    9 to 12. others
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17
Q

Three mineral groups:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. silicate minerals
  2. carbonate, phosphate, sulfate minerals
  3. oxide, sulfide, ore minerals
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18
Q

What is the difference between silicon and silica?

A

silicon is the element, silica is the compound of oxygen and silicon

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19
Q

silicon and oxygen combine to form the atomic framework for most common minerals on earth in the form of a ___.

A

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

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20
Q

The 5 types of silicate structures are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. isolated silicate structure
  2. single-chain silicates
  3. double-chain silicates
  4. sheet silicates
  5. framework silicates
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21
Q

Silicate minerals that are structured so that none of the oxygen atoms are shared by tetrahedra have an isolated silicate structure.

An example of this is the common mineral olivine.

A

isolated silicate structure

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22
Q

this structure forms when two of a tetrahedron’s oxygen atoms are shared with adjacent tetrahedra to form a chain.

A

single-chain silicates

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23
Q

the most common pyroxene. It is an essential mineral in mafic igneous rocks. Augite is usually black, with stubby crystals.

A

augite

24
Q

this structure forms when two adjacent single chains are sharing oxygen atoms.

A

double-chain silicates

25
Q

___ is a generic name for fibrous aggregates of minerals. It doesn’t ignite or melt in fire.

A

Asbestos

26
Q

in a ___, each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms to form a sheet.

the mica group and clay group contain this structure.

A

sheet silicate structure

27
Q

the ___ group is distinguished by their perfect basal cleavage, which means that they are easily split into thin, often transparent sheets.

muscovite and biotite belong in this group.

A

mica

28
Q

The ___ minerals represent an important sub-group of the sheet silicates. The term ___ is used to denote particular mineralogical properties, in addition to a ___. It has the tendency to develop ___ when mixed with water.

A

1-2. clay
3. small particle size
4. plasticity

29
Q

COMMON CLAY MINERAL GROUPS

formed by the decomposition of feldspar (e.g. granite). It is used in china clay, manufacture of pills, and has low compressibility and high friction angle.

A

kaolinite

30
Q

COMMON CLAY MINERAL GROUPS

formed by the alteration of basic igneous rocks containing silicates rich in Calcium and Magnesium. it has high compressibility.

Can swell significantly by the adsorption of water, making it an expansive clay.

A

smectite or montmorillonite

31
Q

When all four oxygen ions are shared by adjacent tetrahedra, a ___ is formed. This is the strongest of the silicate minerals.

Feldspar and Quartz are examples of framework silicates.

A

framework silicate structure

32
Q

FRAMEWORK SILICATES

the most abundant mineral group in earth’s crust, it accounts for about 60 percent of all minerals in the continental crust.

its two most common members are orthoclase and plagioclase.

A

feldspar

33
Q

FRAMEWORK SILICATES

the second most abundant mineral in the earth’s continental crust, after feldspar. found in many colors.

A

quartz

34
Q

NON-SILICATE MINERALS

common minerals of this group contain calcite, aragonite, and dolomite.

what is this group?

A

carbonates group

35
Q

NON-SILICATE MINERALS

apatite is the most common mineral of this group.

what is this group?

A

phosphates group

36
Q

NON-SILICATE MINERALS

two common minerals in this group are gypsum and anhydrite. minerals in this group are used in the manufacture of some cement and a source for sulfuric acid.

what is this group?

A

sulfates group

37
Q

ORE MINERAL GROUP

this subgroup consists of pyrite (fool’s gold), galena (primary ore mineral of lead), and sphalerite (a major ore of zinc)

what is this subgroup?

A

sulfides

38
Q

ORE MINERAL GROUP

this subgroup consists of magnetite (natural magnet) and hematite.

what is this subgroup?

A

oxides

39
Q

Although ___ is generally the most conspicuous characteristic of any mineral, it is considered a diagnostic property of only a few minerals.

A

color

40
Q

The color of a mineral in powdered form and is often useful in identification.

A mineral’s ___ is obtained by rubbing it across a plate (a piece of unglazed porcelain) and observing the color of the mark it leaves.

A

streak

41
Q

metallic minerals generally have a ___ streak, whereas minerals with nonmetallic luster have a ___ streak.

A
  1. dense, dark
  2. light-colored
42
Q

The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral.

A

luster

43
Q

A ___ luster gives a substance the appearance of being made of metal.

A

metallic

44
Q

___ is more common. The most important type is glassy (also called vitreous) luster, which gives a substance a glazed appearance, like glass or porcelain.

A

nonmetallic luster

45
Q

Metallic materials that developed a dull coating or tarnish when exposed to the atmosphere are said to have a ___.

A

submetallic luster

46
Q

One of the most useful diagnostic properties is ___, a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.

A

hardness

47
Q

A numerical value of hardness can be obtained by using the ___, which consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest).

A

Mohs scale of hardness

48
Q

The ___ of a mineral is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another.

A

crystal form

49
Q

a ___ is a breakage surface, whereas a ___ is a growth surface.

A
  1. cleavage surface
  2. crystal surface
50
Q

the ability of a mineral to break along a preferred plane.

A

cleavage

51
Q

a mineral tends to break along a cleavage surface due to the bonding between atoms there being ___.

A

weaker

52
Q

the way a substance breaks where not controlled by cleavage.

A

fracture

53
Q

minerals with no cleavage commonly have an ___ fracture.

A

irregular

54
Q

some minerals break along curved fracture surfaces known as ___. these look like the inside of a clam shell.

A

conchoidal fractures

55
Q

the ratio of a mass of substance

A

CEGEOLO EV (14 decks)

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