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CEGEOLO EV > (MODULE 8) INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES, AND GEOLOGIC MAPS > Flashcards

(MODULE 8) INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES, AND GEOLOGIC MAPS Flashcards

1
Q

the science of rocks, minerals, soils, and surface water, including the study of their formation, structure, and behavior

A

geology

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2
Q

the branch of geology that deals with the application of geologic principles to engineering works

A

engineering geology

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3
Q

the work of this type of geologist includes mapping, describing and characterizing the rock at a construction site; assessing stability issues, such as landslides; and appraising local seismicity and earthquake potentials

A

engineering geologist

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4
Q

the branch of civil engineering that deals with soil, rock, and underground water, and their relation to the design, construction, and operation of engineering projects

A

geotechnical engineering

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5
Q

what are the phases of geotechnical engineers’ methodology?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. design phase
  2. construction phase
  3. beyond the construction phase
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6
Q

for the design phase, geotechnical engineers begin by assessing the underground conditions and the engineering properties of the various strata. we call this process ___.

A

site exploration and characterization

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7
Q

what are the two steps of the design phase done by geotechnical engineers?

A
  1. geotechnical engineers begin by assessing the underground conditions and engineering properties of the various strata through site exploration and characterization.
  2. the next step is to perform engineering analyses based on the information gained from the first step, through tools known as soil mechanics and rock mechanics
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8
Q

the analytical tools used for doing the second step of the design phase are ___ and __.

A

soil mechanics and rock mechanics

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9
Q

the construction phase involves three steps:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. examining the soil and rock conditions actually encountered and comparing that to what is anticipated in the design
  2. comparing the performance between the two
  3. providing quality control testing, especially in compacted fills and structural foundations
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10
Q

beyond the end of construction, two steps are followed:
1.
2.

A
  1. monitoring of long-term settlements
  2. development of remedial measures to address geotechnical problems
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11
Q

what are the differences between rock and soil?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. rocks are generally cemented whereas soils are rarely cemented
  2. rocks usually have less pores than soils
  3. the effects of weathering on soils are more subtle and less variable than on rocks
  4. rocks are often discontinuous due to the presence of fractures whereas soil masses can be represented as continuous
  5. it is harder to identify the stress histories of rocks
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12
Q

the study of the configuration and orientation of rock formations

A

structural geology

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13
Q

structural geology is an important part of engineering geology because ___.

A

it gives us important insights on how a rock mass will behave

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14
Q

dynamically-produced patterns or arrangements of rock or sediment from, and give information about, forces within the earth

A

geologic structures

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15
Q

force per unit area

A

stress

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16
Q

the three basic types of stress are
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. compressive
  2. tensional, and
  3. shear
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17
Q

a change in size or shape, or both in response to stress

A

strain

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18
Q

geological structures are indicative of
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. the type of stress
  2. the rate of application of such stress
  3. physical properties of the rocks or sediments
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19
Q

this type of stress results in rocks being shortened or flattened

A

compressive stress

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20
Q

rocks that have undergone compressive stress are found along ___.

A

convergent plate boundaries

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21
Q

this type of stress results in a stretching or extension and breaking of material

A

tensional stress

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22
Q

rocks that have undergone tensional stress are found along ___.

A

divergent plate boundaries

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23
Q

because rocks are weak when pulled apart, ___ and ___ are common structures.

A

fractures and faults

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24
Q

when stresses act parallel to a plane, ___ is produced.

A

shear stress

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25
Q

a shear stress results in a ___ parallel to the direction of the stresses.

A

shear strain

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26
Q

how do rocks respond to stress?

A

rocks remain elastic (bounce back to its original form) at low pressures, but deforms permanently when exceeding its elastic limit.

ductile rocks deform through bending plastically whereas brittle rocks deform through fracturing.

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27
Q

rocks exposed to elevated pressure and temperature behave in a ___ manner, and undergo foliation.

A

ductile

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28
Q

ductile behavior results in rocks permanently deformed by ___.

A

folding or bending of rock layers

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29
Q

rocks exhibit ___ at or near earth’s surface, where temperatures and pressure are low.

A

brittle behavior

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30
Q

bends or wavelike features in layered rock

A

folds

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31
Q

the ___ divides a fold into two limbs.

A

axial plane

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32
Q

the subtle trace of an axial plane is called the ___ of the fold.

A

hinge line

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33
Q

upward-arching folds with the oldest rocks in the center of the fold

A

anticlines

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34
Q

downward-arching folds with the youngest rocks in the center of the fold

A

synclines

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35
Q

types of folds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. plunging folds
  2. open folds
  3. isoclinal folds
  4. overturned folds
  5. recumbent folds
  6. structural domes
  7. structural basins
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36
Q

folds in which the hinge line is not horizontal

A

plunging folds

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37
Q

folds which have limbs that dip gently and the angle between the limbs is large

A

open folds

38
Q

the more open the fold, the ___ it has been strained by shortening.

A

less

39
Q

open folds are exposed to ___ stress levels.

A

lesser

40
Q

folds which have parallel limbs; implies even larger shortening strain or shear strain; forms a hairpin shape

A

isoclinal folds

41
Q

folds wherein the axial plane is inclined to an extent where fold limbs dip diagonally and parallel to each other

A

overturned fold

42
Q

folds overturned to the point where the limbs are horizontal

A

recumbent folds

43
Q

structures in which the beds dip away from a central point, with the oldest rocks lying at the center of the structure

A

structural domes

44
Q

structural domes are also called ___.

A

doubly plunging anticlines

45
Q

structures in which the bends dip toward the central points, with the youngest rocks lying at the center of the structure

A

structural basins

46
Q

structural basins are also called ___.

A

doubly plunging anticlines

47
Q

a fracture or crack in bedrock where essentially no displacement occurs

A

joint

48
Q

where joints are oriented approximately parallel to one another

A

joint set

49
Q

when counting joint sets, you could the count the number of ___ on the rock.

A

orientations

50
Q

When we say fractures in rock, they are the sources of discontinuities, and that they have ___.

A

impurities

51
Q

How do discontinuities contribute to mass wasting?

A

discontinuities can weaken when the fractures become looser, causing mass wasting.

52
Q

fractures in bedrock along which movement has occured

A

faults

53
Q

faults are considered ___ if movement has occurred along them within the last 11,000 years

A

active

54
Q

types of faults
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. dip-slip faults
  2. strike-slip faults
  3. oblique-slip faults
55
Q

faults wherein the movement is up or down parallel to the dip of the inclined fault surface

A

dip-slip faults

56
Q

parts of dip-slip faults:
the side of the fault above the inclined fault surface is called the ___

A

hanging wall

57
Q

parts of dip-slip faults:
the side below the fault is called the ___

A

footwall

58
Q

types of dip-slip faults
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. normal faults
  2. reverse faults
  3. thrust fault
59
Q

a ___ results in extension or lengthening of the crust

A

normal fault

60
Q

fault blocks, bounded by normal faults, that drop down

A

graben

61
Q

fault blocks, bounded by normal faults, that are uplifted

A

horsts

62
Q

horizontal compressive stresses cause ___ which tend to shorten the crust.

A

reverse faults

63
Q

a reverse fault in which the dip of the fault of the plane is at a low angle (30°) or even horizontal

A

thrust fault

64
Q

faults which have movement that is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault plane

A

strike-slip faults

65
Q

faults which have movement with both vertical and horizontal components

A

oblique-slip faults

66
Q

a ___ shows the distribution of geologic features, including different kinds of rocks and faults

A

geologic map

67
Q

the geology is represented by ___, ___, and ___ unique to geologic maps

A

colors, lines, and special symbols

68
Q

geologic units are named and defined by the ___

A

geologists who made the geologic map

69
Q

the most common division of time used is the period, represented through ___.

A

letter symbols

70
Q

geologic period of 195 to 141 million years ago

A

jurassic

71
Q

geologic period of 141 to 65 million years ago

A

cretaceous

72
Q

geologic period of 65 to 2 million years ago

A

tertiary

73
Q

geologic period of 2 million years ago to today

A

quartenary

74
Q

letter symbols for
1. jurassic
2. cretaceous
3. tertiary
4. quaternary

A
  1. J
  2. K
  3. T
  4. Q
75
Q

the place where two different geologic units are found next to each other is called a ___.

A

contact

76
Q

contacts are represented in a geologic map through different kinds of ___

A

contact lines

77
Q

the two main types of contacts shown on most geologic maps are ___ and ___.

A

depositional contacts and faults

78
Q

lava from a volcano flows over the landscape. when the lava hardens into rock, the place where the lava-rock rests on the rocks underneath is a ___.

A

depositional contact

79
Q

what is a depositional contact

A

the place where the hardening lava-rock rests on the rocks underneath

80
Q

depositional contacts is shown on the geologic map as a ___

A

thin line

81
Q

when different geologic units have been moved next to one another after they were formed, the contact is a ___.

A

fault contact

82
Q

what is a fault contact?

A

a fault contact is when different geologic units move next to one another

83
Q

fault contacts are shown on the map by a ___

A

thick line

84
Q

geologic units can also be bent and warped by the same forces into rounded, wavelike shapes called ___

A

folds

85
Q

a line that follows the crest or trough of the fold is called the ___.

A

fold axis

86
Q

this is marked on a geologic map with a ___

A

line thicker than a depositional contact but thinner than a fault

87
Q

all thickness of lines are also modified by being ___, ___, or ___.

A

solid, dashed, or dotted

88
Q

the places where the line is precisely located are shown as ___

A

solid lines

89
Q

places where the line is uncertain in location are shown as ___

A

dashed lines

90
Q

the shorter the dash of a dashed line in a geologic map, ___

A

the more uncertain the location

91
Q

the compass direction of a line followed by the intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal plane

A

strike

92
Q

the ___ shows that horizontal direction in the beds; the short line is called the ___ and shows which way the bed tilts; the number is called the ___ and shows how much the bed is tilted, in degrees, from flat.

A
  1. strike line
  2. dip line
  3. dip

CEGEOLO EV (14 decks)

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