(MODULE 4) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Question 1

how are sedimentary rock formed from igneous rock?

Answer 1

igneous rock undergoes weathering and erosion which turns it into sediments. those sediments undergo lithification (cemented or consolidated) and formed into a sedimentary rock

Question 2

___ is the collective name for loose, solid particles of mineral originating from weathering and erosion (detrital) and precipitation (chemical)

Answer 2

sediment

Question 3

the chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited.

Answer 3

diagenesis

Question 4

diagenesis includes:
1.
2.

Answer 4

1. recrystallization
2. lithification

Question 5

development of more stable minerals from less stable ones.

Answer 5

recrystallization

Question 6

sediments are transformed into solid rock by either compaction or cementation

Answer 6

lithification

Question 7

natural cements include ___, ___, and ___

Answer 7

calcite, silica, and iron oxide

Question 8

during this type of lithification, pressure compacts and rearranges loosely packed, fine clay-size particles to create sedimentary rocks.

Answer 8

compaction

Question 9

during this type of lithification, silica- and calcite-rich material fill the pore space of course-grained particles and clues them together.

Answer 9

cementation

Question 10

eroded mineral grains

transported sediment as solid particles; fragments of preexisting rocks

Answer 10

detrital sedimentary rocks

Question 11

minerals precipitated from low-temperature solution

sediment that was once in solution

Answer 11

chemical sedimentary rocks

Question 12

consolidation of organic remains of plants

formed from the carbon-rich remains of organisms

Answer 12

organic sedimentary rocks

Question 13

1. ___: compressed but still has water in it
2. ___: compressed to the point where the water is squeezed out

Answer 13

1. compression
2. consolidation

Question 14

clay-sized particles in thin layers (laminea) which split into layers (fissility)

also the most common sedimentary rock

Answer 14

shale

Question 15

sedimentary rock which breaks into chunks or blocks

Answer 15

mudstone

Question 16

composed of silt-size particles. lacks fissility.

Answer 16

siltstone

Question 17

composed of sand-sized particles, quartz is the predominant mineral

Answer 17

sandstone

Question 18

consists of rounded gravels; often has a similar appearance to concrete

Answer 18

conglomerate

Question 19

composed mainly of large angular particles and fragments which have not been rounded

Answer 19

breccia

Question 20

common detrital rocks (sedimentary rocks from weathering)
1.
2.
3.

Answer 20

1. shale
2. sandstone
3. conglomerate & breccia

Question 21

common chemical rocks (precipitated from a low temperature aqueous environment)
1. ___
2. ___
3. ___
4. ___

Answer 21

1. limestone (biochemical, inorganic)
2. dolostone
3. chert
4. evaporites

Question 22

chemical rocks

cementation of shells and shell fragments accumulated on shallow sea floor near shore

Answer 22

coquina

Question 23

chemical rocks

light-colored, porous, very fine-grained variety of bioclastic limestone that forms from the seafloor accumulation of microscopic marine organisms that drift near the sea surface.

Answer 23

chalk

Question 24

chemical rocks

type of limestone seen in caves

Answer 24

travertine

Question 25

chemical rocks formed by cementation of sand-sized ooids or small spheres of calcite

Answer 25

oolithic limestone

Question 26

chemical rocks how do you differentiate dolostone and limestone?

Answer 26

limestone fizzes when poured with acid, dolostone doesn't react visibly

Question 27

chemical rocks compact and hard rocks made of microcrystalline quartz

Answer 27

chert

Question 28

chemical rocks a form of banded chert

Answer 28

agate

Question 29

chemical rocks evaporation triggers deposition of chemical precipitates, forming

Answer 29

evaporites

Question 30

how is coal formed?

Answer 30

1. accumulation of plant remains in a swampy environment makes peat 2. peat is buried and transformed into lignite (soft brown coal) 3. further burial forms bituminous coal, the source of coal energy 4. metamorphism makes anthracite coal

Question 31

two major textures are used in the classification of sedimentary rocks: 1. 2.

Answer 31

1. clastic 2. non-clastic

Question 32

pattern of fragments and particles, detrital rocks fall under this classification

Answer 32

clastic texture

Question 33

pattern of interlocking crystals, resembling igneous rock

Answer 33

non-clastic texture