Module 2 (part one)

Question 1

What are the two important aspects of fatty acids?

Answer 1

1. chain length (2 - 4 short), (6-10 medium), and (12-22 long)
2. Degree of saturation - how full a fatty acid is of hydrogen

Question 2

name the traits of saturated fatty acids

Answer 2

• palmitic acid
• 16 carbons, no double bonds, as full of hydrogens as it can possibly be
  16: 0n

Question 3

name the traits of monosaturated fatty acids

Answer 3

oliec acid
18 carbons, one double bond
18:1n-9

Question 4

Name the traits of the two polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 4

Linoliec acid (Omega -6)
- 18:2n-6
Alpha linoliec acid (omega -3)
- 18:3n-2

Question 5

Name the two fish oils and their traits

Answer 5

EPA: Eicosapentaenic acid (22:6-3)
DHA: Docosahexaenic acid (22:6n-3)

Question 6

Name the three Omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 6

EPA, DHA, and Alpha linoleic acid

Question 7

symptoms of fatty acid deficiency

Answer 7

• scaly skin
• impaired growth
• excess loss of water through the skin

Question 8

What is the role of fat in the diet?

Answer 8

• Source of energy
• Provide our essential acids
• Carries all fat - soluble vitamins
• taste of foods

Question 9

what is role of fat in body functions?

Answer 9

• warmth
• protection
• energy reserve (store fat in adipose)
• Eicosanoids ( biological messengers, thromboxane)

Question 10

What is digestion?

Answer 10

Enzymatic breakdown of food components to their smallest absorbable units

Question 11

What is absorption?

Answer 11

Transfer of all your digestion food components across surface of GI tract into vascular (hepatic portal) or lymphatics

Question 12

What is the purpose of trans fats?

Answer 12

transforms oil - harden fats

Enhance shelf life

Question 13

How does trans fat gain its extended shelf life?

Answer 13

Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a cis double bond, meaning they have kinks.

But the hydrogenated trans fatty acids have a slight kink, due to the hydrogens being on the other sides of the carbon bonds. This slight kink improves shelf life and its hard qualities.

Question 14

What happens to fats with 12 carbons (medium and short chains) during absorption?

Answer 14

they are put into micelles, then absorbed into mucosal cells. where they are transported to the hepatic portal system, then to the liver

Question 15

What happens to the fats with 14 or more carbons (long chains) during absorption?

Answer 15

they are reformed into triglycerides and packaged into a chylomicron, where they are transported through the lymphatic system, then enterohepatic circulation

Question 16

What is the purpose of bile acids?

Answer 16

emulsification of fat
formation of micelles
recycled after absorption of fats into the liver

Question 17

the digestive system has two major functions, what are they?

Answer 17

• digestion and absorption

Question 18

What does the Gastrointestinal tract consist of?

Answer 18

a hollow tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus in which absorption and digestion occur

Question 19

Hepatic portal circulation is a system of what that collects what?

Answer 19

• system of blood vessels that collects nutrient laden blood from the digestion organs and delivers it to the liver. Hepatic portal vein transports blood from the GI tract to the liver.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

Answer 20

Consists of vessels, organs and tissues that that drains excess from the spaces between cells. Transports fat soluble substances from the digestive tract and contributes to immune function.

Question 21

While swallowing food, what muscular valve helps move and control the flow of materials into the GI tract?

Answer 21

The sphincter

Question 22

The stomach has little holes that cover the surface that secrete “__________”

Answer 22

gastric juice

Question 23

what acidifies stomach acid and kills bacteria?

Answer 23

hydrochloric acid

Question 24

What is the inactive digesting enzyme produced by the gastric glands activated by stomach acid?

Answer 24

Pepsinogen

Question 25

What is pepsin?

Answer 25

A protein digesting enzyme produced by the gastric glands that is secreted by gastric juice then activated by stomach acid.

Question 26

What stimulates the secretion of gastric juice?

Answer 26

The stomach secretes the hormone gastrin, which stimulates secretion of gastric juice

Question 27

What is the villi or villus in the stomach do?

Answer 27

finger-like projections in the mucosal cell that participates in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Question 28

What is the micro-villes purpose in the small intestine?

Answer 28

brush like projections in the mucosal cell membrane that increase the absorptive surface area in the small intestine.

Question 29

What are the lacteals in the lymphatic system?

Answer 29

lymph vessels that carry fluid away from body tissues in the intestine (ex: fat digestion particles)

Question 30

What are lipases?

Answer 30

Fat digesting enzymes

Question 31

What is segmentation?

Answer 31

Rhythmic constrictions of the intestine that mix food with digestive juices and speed absorption

Question 32

What organ secretes bicarbonate ions into the small intestine?

Answer 32

Pancreas