Module 2 - structure of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotes Flashcards
What is the nucleus?
Nucleolus contains genetic material called chromatin, has a double membrane called a nuclear envelope (contains an inner and outer membrane), has nuclear pores that transport mRNA and proteins. Nucleoplasm is the cytoplasm in the nucleus.
What are ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis - translate genetic material into proteins. 80s in eukaryotes and 70s in prokaryotes. Each have 2 sub-units, one bigger one smaller. Found freely in cell or on RER.
What are mitochondria?
The site of aerobic respiration in eukaryote’s. Has an outer-membrane and inner-membrane folds to form cristae. Cristae forms matrix containing enzymes for aerobic respiration producing ATP. Ribosomes and genetic material also found here
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles. Vesicles transport proteins and lipids to their required destination. Proteins that go through the Golgi are exported, put into lysosomes or delivered to membrane-bounded organelles.
What are lysosomes?
Type of Golgi vesicle. Break down waste materials or worn out cell structures
What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Surface covered in ribosomes. Formed from continuous folds membrane. Processes proteins made from amino acids, sends them to the Golgi apparatus
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
No ribosomes, production, process and storage of lipids, sends them to the Golgi. Detoxification of toxins.
What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t?
Membrane-bound organelles. Membrane-bound nucleus
What do prokaryotes have that eukaryotes don’t?
Plasmids, some bacteria have a capsule called the lipopolysaccharide layer.
What do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?
Both contain ribosomes though in prokaryotes they may be smaller.
What are cell walls?
From around cell membranes and offer structural support. In plants it is made from cellulose and bacteria it is made from murein
What are chloroplasts?
Double membrane. Thylakoids are membrane contain photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll, and stack up to form grana. Grana joined by lamellae. Contains DNA and ribosomes to synthesize proteins.
What is the permanent vacuole?
Contains sap surrounded by tonoplasts. Act as waste deposits for excess water, waste products and soluble pigments.
What are viruses?
Biological structures containing nucleic acid genome surrounded by proteins and lipids. Protein coat called capsid and lipid coat containing glycoproteins.
What is the purpose of viruses?
Invade host cells by proteins binding to host cell and injecting nucleic acid containing ‘instructions’ for metabolic reactions. Reproduce and spread.
