Module 2.2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

“Pleiotropic” cytokines

Answer 1

producing more than one effect

Question 2

“Redundant” cytokines

Answer 2

duplicating the effect of another cell

Question 3

Cytokines

Answer 3

soluble proteins, mediate interaction between immune and tissue cells

Question 4

3 main cytokines

Answer 4

interleukins (IL’s)
interferons (INF’s)
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNA-a)

Question 5

Interleukins are produced by

Answer 5

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 6

Function of interleukins

Answer 6

Enhances acquired immunity

Question 7

Interferon functions

Answer 7

modulates inflammatory response.

{Primarily protects against viruses.

Question 8

TNA-a function

Answer 8

Endogenous Pyrogen. Fever producer.

Question 9

Chemokines primary function

Answer 9

Control migration of leukocytes to the primary site of action.

Question 10

-muab suffix in a drug name indicates that it targets

Answer 10

chemokines

Question 11

Colony-stimulating factors (type of chemokine)

Answer 11

Stimulate the growth and differentiation of BM progenitors of immune cells.

Question 12

How are colony-stimulating factors named

Answer 12

According to the cell they target. (monocyte stimulating factor, granulocyte stimulating factor, etc.)

Question 13

Lymphocyte primary function

Answer 13

specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens.

Question 14

Accessory cells include:

Answer 14

Macrophages, Dendritic cells

Question 15

Dendritic cells are derived from? What do they do?

Answer 15

macrophages - Antigen presenting cells (APC’s)

Bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems

Question 16

What are band cells and when are they seen in highest number?

Answer 16

Immature granulocytes that eventually mature into neutrophils.

Question 17

Most common WBC in most cases

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

Cells of Innate immunity

Answer 18

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages > Dendritic cells
NK cells

Question 19

Innate immunity consists of:

Answer 19

epithelial barriers and the cells of innate immunity

Question 20

Neutrophils are also known as

Answer 20

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN’s)

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

Early responder cells, primarily in blood and not tissue

Question 22

Eosinophils

Answer 22

Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses.

Question 23

Monocytes

Answer 23

released by bone marrow, migrate to tissues, mature into macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 24

Macrophages

Answer 24

Essential for bacteria clearance. Limit spread of infection until adaptive immunity kicks in.

Question 25

NK cells primarily target:

Answer 25

Intracellular (viral) or bacterial pathogenic organisms.

Question 26

How do NK cells avoid killing our own cells

Answer 26

MHC-1 Receptor on human cells binds to inhibitory receptor on NK cell preventing activations.

Question 27

How does an NK cell know a cell is compromised?

Answer 27

Infected cell will stop producing the MHC-1 receptor peptide and the NK cell is no longer prohibited.

Question 28

What are PAMP's and are they innate or immune?

Answer 28

Pathogen associated Molecular Patterns. Innate Patterns on the cell membrane of pathogens which are recognized by the PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors of the innate immune system.)

Question 29

Opsonin

Answer 29

molecules that coat the cell membrane. Activates phagocytosis after PRR attaches.

Question 30

Inflammatory cytokines

Answer 30

Moderate the reaction between immune and tissue cells. Short duration.

Question 31

Acute Phase proteins are produced:

Answer 31

In the Liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. They activate the alternate compliment pathway Mannose-binding Ligand.

Question 32

Example of acute phase protein

Answer 32

C-reactive protein.

Question 33

3 phases of the compliment system

Answer 33

1. Initiation/activation of immune process 2. Amplification of inflammation 3. Membrane attack response

Question 34

How does the compliment system render bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Answer 34

By increasing bacterial aggregation.

Question 35

How much of plasma protein is involved in the compliment system

Answer 35

15%

Question 36

When is the adaptive immune response activated?

Answer 36

When the INNATE response initiates the inflammatory process

Question 37

2 receptors of the innate immune system

Answer 37

Mannose and Toll like

Question 38

B-cell production is stimulated by

Answer 38

antigen detection

Question 39

The two functional cell types of the immune system

Answer 39

effector and regulatory cells

Question 40

Effector cells

Answer 40

Leukocytes (Activated T-lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, etc.). Eliminate the antigen

Question 41

Regulatory cells function

Answer 41

Orchestrate and control immune response

Question 42

Lymphocytes comprise approximately what percentage of WBC's

Answer 42

35%

Question 43

Lymphocytes arise from the lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow and differentiate into

Answer 43

B and T cells

Question 44

Cells of adaptive immunity

Answer 44

Lymphocytes (B and T) | Macrophages and Dendritic cells as APC's

Question 45

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC's)

Answer 45

Identification of self vs non self.

Question 46

The principle antigen presenting cell is the

Answer 46

macrophage

Question 47

Macrophages are derived from

Answer 47

Monocytes

Question 48

What do dendritic cells and macrophages present antigens to?

Answer 48

CD4 T cells (Helper T cells)

Question 49

Where do we primarily find Tissue Macrophages

Answer 49

``` Lungs (alveolar MP's) Liver (Kupffer Cells) Spleen Lymph Nodes Peritoneum CNS ```

Question 50

HLA antigens

Answer 50

Important in self vs non-self identification. VERY important in transplant matching.

Question 51

Class I HLA's

Answer 51

Presented to CD8 T cells (Killer T's)

Question 52

Class II HLA's

Answer 52

Present to CD4 T cells (Helper T's)

Question 53

B cells are produced and matured where? Where do they primarily function

Answer 53

Bone marrow. In the humor (blood). Mostly target extracellular microbes and toxins.

Question 54

Humoral immunity

Answer 54

B cells - extracellular

Question 55

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 55

T cells - intracellular

Question 56

Where do T cells mature

Answer 56

Thymus

Question 57

Active Immunity

Answer 57

Specific Protection induced by exposure and activation of B and T cells

Question 58

Passive Immunity

Answer 58

Specific protection induced by transfer of protective antibodies.

Question 59

IgG transfer

Answer 59

crosses placenta (only IgG readily crosses)

Question 60

IgA transfer

Answer 60

in colostrum (IgG and IgA in normal breast milk).

Question 61

HBiG

Answer 61

Hepatitis B immune globulin. Given if exposed to Hepatitis B (needle stick)

Question 62

When does fetal immunity start to develop. (Including thymus)

Answer 62

5-6 weeks | Lymphoid cells colonize fetal liver

Question 63

When does IgA and IgM production start

Answer 63

shortly after birth (adult levels reached by 1 year)

Question 64

Why are premature infants usually immune deficient?

Answer 64

Maternal IgG crosses placenta in largest amounts during final weeks of pregnancy (full term)

Question 65

Umbilical cord blood should contain what Immunoglobulins

Answer 65

Only IgG

Question 66

IgA or IgM detected in cord blood may indicate what?

Answer 66

Intrauterine infection. These would only be of fetal origin.

Question 67

When does thymus gland start to decrease in size?

Answer 67

At puberty. Eventually shrinks to 15% of largest size.

Question 68

Immune system changes in elderly

Answer 68

1. Smaller thymus. 2. Decreased # of both T cell types. 3. Altered T cell response to antigens 4. Decreased # of B cells but response to antigens is unchanged.