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TOS AbPsych > Module 25: Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Module 25: Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

John Haslam

A

superintendent of a British Hospital who outlined a description of the symptoms of Schizophrenia in his book Observations on Madness and Melancholy

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2
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

French physician who described cases of schizophrenia

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3
Q

Benedict Morel

A

used the term demence precoce meaning early or premature loss of mind to describe schizophrenia

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4
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A

+ unified the distinct categories of schizophrenia under the name Dementia Praecox
+ Combined several symptoms of insanity that had usually been viewed as reflecting separate and distinct disorders
+ Distinguished dementia praecox
+ Also noted the numerous symptoms in people with dementia praecox, including hallucinations, delusions, negativism, and stereotyped behavior

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5
Q

What are some symptoms of insanity/schizophrenia that Emil Kraepelin identified?

A
  1. Catatonia
  2. Hebephrenia
  3. Paranoia
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6
Q

Catatonia

A

alternating immobility and excited agitation

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7
Q

Hebephrenia

A

silly and immature emotionality

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8
Q

Paranoia

A

delusions of grandeur or persecution

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9
Q

Eugen Bleuler

A

+ introduced the term schizophrenia (“splitting of mind”)
+ Associative Splitting

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10
Q

Positive Symptoms

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
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11
Q

Delusions

A

misrepresentation of reality (disorder of thought content)

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12
Q

What are the different types of delusions?

A
  1. Persecutory
  2. Referential
  3. Grandiose
  4. Erotomaniac
  5. Nihilistic
  6. Somatic
  7. Thought Withdrawal
  8. Thought Insertion
  9. Delusions of Control
  10. Capgras Syndrome
  11. Cotard’s Syndrome
  12. Clerambault Syndrome
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13
Q

Persecutory Delusions

A

belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed and so forth

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14
Q

Referential Delusions

A

certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at one-self

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15
Q

Grandiose Delusions

A

when an individual believes that he or she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame

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16
Q

Erotomanic Delusions

A

when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her

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17
Q

Nihilistic Delusions

A

conviction that a major catastrophe will occur

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18
Q

Somatic Delusions

A

focus on preoccupations regarding health and organ function

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19
Q

Thought Withdrawal Delusions

A

thoughts have been “removed” by outside force

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20
Q

Thought Insertion Delusions

A

thoughts have been put into one’s mind

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21
Q

Delusions of Control

A

one’s body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by some outside force

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22
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

person believes someone he or she knows has been replaced by a double

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23
Q

Cotard’s Syndrome

A

the person believes he or she is dead

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24
Q

Clerambault Syndrome

A

characterized by the delusional idea, usually in a young woman, that a man whom she considers to be of higher social and/or professional standing is in love with her

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25
Q

Fregoli Syndrome

A

a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes his or her appearance or is in disguise

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26
Q

Motivational View of Delusions

A

look at these beliefs as attempts to deal with and relieve anxiety and stress

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27
Q

Deficit View of Delusions

A

sees these beliefs as a resulting from brain dysfunction that creates these disordered cognitions or perceptions

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28
Q

Hallucinations

A

experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment

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29
Q

What are the types of hallucination?

A
  1. Auditory hallucination
  2. Autoscopic hallucination
  3. Hypnagogic hallucination
  4. Ictal hallucination
  5. Hypnopompic hallucination
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30
Q

Auditory Hallucination

A

most common form experienced by people with schizophrenia

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31
Q

Autoscopic Hallucination

A

individual experiences, all or part of the person’s own body appeared within the external space, viewed from his/her physical body

32
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucination

A

happens during sleep

33
Q

Ictal Hallucination

A

associated with temporal lobe foci

34
Q

Hypnopompic Hallucinations

A

happens when waking up

35
Q

What is the most active part of the brain during hallucination?

A

Most active part during Hallucination is Broca’s Area (speech production)

36
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

usually indicate absence or insufficiency of normal behavior

37
Q

What are the different negative symptoms?

A
  1. Avolition
  2. Anhedonia
  3. Asociality
  4. Flat Affect/Affective Flattening
38
Q

Avolition

A

inability to initiate and persist activities

39
Q

Anhedonia

A

lack of pleasure

40
Q

Asociality

A

lack of interest in social interactions

41
Q

Flat Affect/Affective Flattening

A

do not show emotions when you would normally expect them to

42
Q

Disorganized Symptoms

A
  1. Disorganized Speech
  2. Inappropriate Affect
  3. Grossly Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
43
Q

Disorganized Speech

A

individual may switch from one topic to another (derailment or loose associations) or answers to questions may be related or completely unrelated (tangentiality)

44
Q

What are the different types of disorganized speech?

A
  1. Circumstantiality
  2. Concrete Thinking
  3. Clang Associations
  4. Loose Association
  5. Neologism
  6. Word Salad
45
Q

Circumstantiality

A

excessive and irrelevant detail in descriptions with the person eventually making his/her point

EXAMPLES: “Kumuha ako ng Koko Crunch sa sm, katabi ng honey gold flakes, nasa taas niya yung kellogs, color green yung milo.. masarap yung Koko Crunch,”

46
Q

Concrete Thinking

A

unable to abstract and speaks in concrete, literal terms

EXAMPLE: Kapag sinabihan mo siya ng “Break a leg”, iisipin niya na babaliin niya dapat ang legs niya

47
Q

Clang Associations

A

are groups of words chosen because of the catchy way they sound, not because of what they mean

“Gusto ko ng arrozcaldo, na apurado pero
bugbog sarado na may champorado at biglang dehado,”

48
Q

Loose Association

A

a loose connection between thoughts that are often unrelated

EXAMPLE: “Umuwi ako ng probinsya. Favorite ko ang Speak Now TV. Ay! Malamig pala sa North Pole. Eto nga pala anak ko. Ang sakit mo naman sa puso,”

49
Q

Neologism

A

creating a new word meaning only to that person

EXAMPLE: Lathyzoid. Oh, hindi mo alam meaning diba? that’s the point.

50
Q

Word Salad

A

combination of words that have no meaning

EXAMPLE: “Mine enchanted why sparks fly grow superman.”

51
Q

Inappropriate Affect

A

laughing or crying at improper times

52
Q

Grossly Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

A

childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation

53
Q

When do the severe symptoms of schizophrenia occur?

A

More severe symptoms of schizophrenia first occur in late adolescence or early adulthood

54
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

1-2 year period before the serious symptoms occur but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to show themselves

55
Q

What is the biological explanation behind schizophrenia?

A

+ Schizophrenia is partially the result of excessive stimulation of striatal dopamine d2 receptors
+ It appears that several brain sites are implicated in the cognitive dysfunction observed among people with schizophrenia, especially prefrontal cortex, various related cortical regions and subcortical circuits, including thalamus and the striatum

56
Q

Schizophrenogenic Mother

A

used for a time to describe a mother whose cold, dominant, and rejecting nature was thought to cause schizophrenia in her children

57
Q

Double bind communication

A

used to portray communication style that produced conflicting messages, which caused schizophrenia to develop

58
Q

When does hostility rise in families for individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Families with high expressed emotion view the symptoms of schizophrenia as controllable and that the hostility arises when family members think that patients just do not want help themselves

59
Q

What are the different types of schizophrenia?

A
  1. Delusional Disorder
  2. Brief Psychotic Disorder
  3. Schizophreniform Disorder
  4. Schizophrenia
  5. Schizoaffective Disorder
60
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

+ one or more delusions for at least 1 month
+ persistent belief that is contrary to the reality in the absence of other characteristics of schizophrenia
+ tend not to have flat affect, anhedonia, or other negative symptoms
+ socially isolated due to being suspicious
+ absence of active phase of schizophrenia (Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome)

61
Q

Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie a Deux)

A

condition in which an individual develops delusions simply as a result of a close relationship with a delusional individual

62
Q

What kind of delusions may individuals with delusional disorder have?

A

Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic, Mixed, Unspecified

63
Q

Who functions better? An individual with delusional disorder or an individual with schizophrenia.

A

Delusional disorder; functioning is better than what is observed in Schizophrenia

64
Q

What can delusional disorder develop into?

A

eventually develop schizophrenia

65
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

+ presence of one of the ff: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior for at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning
+ typically experience emotional turmoil or overwhelming confusion
+ can experience relapse

66
Q

When can an additional diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder can be given to someone who has a personality disorder?

A

if psychotic symptoms persist for at least 1 day in PD, an additional diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder may be appropriate

67
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

two or more of the following, present during a 1-month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms

68
Q

How long should the duration of the symptoms be for schizophreniform to be diagnosed?

A

at least 1 month BUT less than 6 months

69
Q

To which disorder is the development of schizophreniform similar to?

A

development similar to schizophrenia

70
Q

Schizophrenia

A

+ two or more of the following, present during 1-month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms
+ disturbance in one or more major areas
+ abrupt or insidious
+ too much use of regression

71
Q

How long should the duration of symptoms for schizophrenia be for it to be diagnosed?

A

at least 6 months

72
Q

What is the prognosis of schizophrenia influenced by?

A

prognosis is influenced both by duration and by severity of illness and gender

73
Q

When does the psychotic experience become reduced in schizophrenia?

A

possible reduced psychotic experience during late life

74
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

major mood ep + delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks

75
Q

Over time, what are the disorders that schizoaffective disorder may eventually develop into?

A

some individuals tend to change diagnosis into mood disorder or to schizophrenia over time

76
Q

What is common in schizoaffective disorder?

A

Anosognosia (poor insight) common in
schizoaffective but less severe than in schizophrenia

TOS AbPsych (37 decks)

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