Module 2A: Anatomy Of GI And Lymphatic System Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Stomat/o
A
Mouth
2
Q
Palat/o
A
Palate
3
Q
Pylor/o
A
Pylorus (pyloric sphincter = ring of muscles)
4
Q
Enter/o
Duedenum = duoden/o
Jejunum = jejun/o
Ileum = ile/o
A
Small intestine
5
Q
• cecum cec/o
• colon col/o colon/o
• rectum rect/o proct/o
• anus an/o
A
Large intestine
6
Q
Sial/o
A
Salivary gland
7
Q
Sialaden/o
A
Salivary gland
8
Q
Hepat/o
A
Liver
9
Q
Peritone/o
A
Peritoneum
10
Q
Append/o
A
Appendix
11
Q
Appendic/o
A
Appendix
12
Q
Abdomin/o
Lapar/o
Celi/o
A
Abdomen
13
Q
Cholecyst/o
A
Gallbladder
14
Q
Chol/e
A
Bile; gall
15
Q
Cyst/o
A
Sac of fluid
16
Q
Choledoch/o
A
Common bile duct
17
Q
Antr/o
A
Antrum
18
Q
Sigmoid/o
A
Sigmoid colon
19
Q
Gingiv/o
A
Gums
20
Q
Gloss/o
A
Tongue
21
Q
Lingu/o
A
Tongue
22
Q
An/o
A
Anus
23
Q
Sigmoid/o
A
Sigmoid colon
24
Q
Cheil/o
A
Lip
25
Cholangi/o
Bile duct
26
Diverticulitis/o
Diverticulum
27
Anastomosis
The surgical creation of an opening between two organs inside the body
28
Enterovolostomy
New opening between small and large intestines
29
Gastrojejunostomy
New opening between stomach and jejunum
30
Herni/o
Hernia
Protrusion of an organ through a wall, muscle
31
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
32
Polyp/o
Polyp (small growth)
33
Peritone/o
Peritoneum
34
Steat/o
Fat
35
Splen/o
Spleen
• Largest lymphatic organ in the
body • Not essential to life (liver, bone
marrow & lymph nodes can take
over)
Recycles RBC
• Destroys old RBCs by
macrophages • Filtrates foreign material
from blood • Activates lymphocytes as it
filtrates • Storage of blood (RBCs &
platelets)
36
Thym/o
Thymus gland
37
-ostomy
Creation of an artificial opening
38
-ectomy
Surgical removal
39
-rhaphy
Suture
40
-tomy
Incision
41
Food path through GI system
Mouth
↓
Pharynx
↓
Esophagus
↓
Stomach
↓
Small Intestine
→ Duodenum
→ Jejunum
→ Ileum
↓
Large Intestine (Colon)
→ Cecum
→ Ascending Colon
→ Transverse Colon
→ Descending Colon
→ Sigmoid Colon
↓
Rectum
↓
Anus
42
Labial frenulum (upper & lower)
Vertical fold of mucosa in median
plane of mouth extending between lips and gum
43
Gingiva
mucosa surrounding teeth
44
Lingual frenulum
vertical mucosal
fold in median plane, inferior
surface of tongue —> floor of mouth
45
Tongue
Apex
Anterior tip
46
Tongue
Body
Apex root
47
Tongue
Median sulcus
along midline of body
of tongue ends just anterior to root in depression (foramen cecum)
48
Tongue
Terminal sulcus
on dorsum running
forward and laterally on either side to margin of tongue (like inverted V); separates anterior 2/3 from posterior 1/3 of tongue.
49
Afferent (sensory) innervations of the tongue
V (CN5):
VII(CN7):
IX(CN9):
X(CN10):
• V: pressure, mechanical sensation
from apex to valleculae
• VII: taste sensation, anterior 2/3
(via chorda tympani & lingual
branch)
• IX: posterior 1/3 taste and general
sensation
• Sensory of gag reflex
• X: medial part of root of tongue,
lingual tonsils, extending over epiglottis
• Motor of gag reflex
50
Tongue
• Intrinsic skeletal muscles: modify
shape of tongue
(4 muscles)
• Superior longitudinal
• Inferior longitudinal
• Transverse
• Vertical
51
Internal and external muscles of the tongue are all innervated by:
CN 12
n.
52
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and actions. (3)
Genioglossus
O: superior genial tubercle (sup mental spine)
I: hyoid & entire length of tongue
A: anterior fibers retract ant tongue, posterior fibers protract & depress tongue
Styloglossus
O: styloid process of temporal bone
I: side of tongue (lateral to hyoglossus)
A: retracts & elevates tongue
Hyoglossus
O: hyoid
I: side of tongue (medial to styloglossus)
A: Depresses tongue
53
What is the chondroglossus?
often considered subdivision of hyoglossus and has
similar action
*extrinsic muscles of tongue
O: hyoid; ~small slip arises from triticae cartilage in thyrohyoid ligament I: side of tongue, deep to hyoglossus
54
Palatoglossus is what? What is its innervation?
more closely associated and discussed with (both
anatomically & functionally) muscles of the soft palate
• N: pharyngeal plexus ( CN IX via X)
55
Parotid gland is innervated by what CN? All other salivary glands are innervated by ?
Parotid gland is innervated by CN IX (9)
All other salivary glands are innervated by CN VII (7)
56
Location of parotid gland?
just anterior to ear, between skin and
masseter. The parotid duct (Stensen’s) extends from gland,
passes superficial to muscle then through buccinators to
enter mouth via small papilla near 2nd upper molar
57
Submandibular gland location?
palpable soft mass medial to lower
lateral border of body of mandible; forms U around posterior
edge of mylohyoid m- the submandibular (Wharton’s) duct
runs anteriorly to open into floor of mouthas small caruncula
just lateral to lingual frenulum
58
Sublingual gland location?
under tongue on floor of mouth. Covered
by horizontal fold of mucosa (sublingual fold)- secretes
through this fold via numerous small sublingual ducts (of
Rivinus)
59
Teeth
20 deciduous (milk) teeth
• (5/quadrant)- usually all 20
erupt by 2 years
• Central incisor, lateral
incisor, cuspid (canine), 1 st
molar, 2nd molar
• 32 permanent teeth
• (8/quadrant), 6-17 25y/o.
Replace deciduous teeth @7-12yrs
• Central incisor, lateral
incisor, cuspid, 1 st bicuspid/premolar, 2nd bicuspid/premolar, 1st 2nd and 3rd molar (wisdom)
• Dental Formula:
• I 2/2 , C 1/1 , B 2/2 , M 3/3
=16
60
Teeth
Crown
• Anatomical crown: covered by
enamel
—Cervical line: border of enamel and
cement
• Clinical crown: exposed to oral cavity
61
____ between anatomical crown and root
_____ anchors tooth to alveolar sockets
Neck
Root
62
Enamel
hardest, densest part of tooth (human body)
63
Dentin:
bulk of tooth- similar to hardness of bone-
covered by enamel over crown and cementum
(cement) over root
64
Pulp cavity
center of tooth, deep to dentin. Contains
blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue.
65
Cementum
covers root, attaches to tissues in alveolar
socket. Composition similar to bone.
66
Periodontal membrane
collagenous fibers between
cement and socket wall- acts as shock absorber and
contains tactile-pressure receptive nerve endings
67
Gingival sulcus
crevice created by gingiva being gently
pulled away from crown- can trap food debris,
bacteria.
68
Nasopharynx
above soft palate
69
Oropharynx
lower edge of soft palate to level of hyoid)
70
Pharynx
Palatoglossal muscle
O: palatine aponeurosis of soft palate
I: Side of posterior tongue
A: pulls root of tongue upward & backward
N: pharyngeal plexus (11 via 10)
71
Pharynx:
Fauces
Fauces [oropharyngeal (facial isthmus]: aperture by which oral cavity
communicates with the pharynx
72
Pharynx:
Valleculae
valleculae depressions anterior to upper edge of glottis (between epiglottis
& tongue)
73
Pharynx:
Musculus uvulae
Contained within uvula A: shortens and broadens during swallowing N: pharyngeal plexus (10)
74
Pharynx:
Laryngopharynx
hyoid to lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6 level)
• C4/5 = thyroid cartilage
• C3 = hyoid bone
• Epiglottis: guards inlet to larynx; diverts food through piriform recess (also
where food prone to get stuck)
75
Name the muscles of oropharynx (4)
Fauces
Palatoglassal muscle
Valleculae
Musculoskeletal uvulae
76
Name and describe the muscles of the pharynx? What are the outer circular (contract pharynx during swelling) nerve innervations?
Outer circular (contract pharynx
during swallowing)
(9 & 10)
• Superior constrictor
— Base of skull posterior median raphe
• Middle constrictor )
— Horns of hyoid posterior median
• Inferior constrictor
— Laryngeal cartilages posterior median raphe
• Inner longitudinal (elevate larynx &
pharynx in swallowing)
—Palatopharyngeus
—Soft palate thyroid cartilage
—N: pharyngeal plexus (11 via 10) •
Salpingopharyngeus
—Auditory tube palatopharyngeus
—N: pharyngeal plexus
• Stylopharyngeus
— Styloid process thyroid cartilage
—N: CN IX/ glossopharyngeal
Pharyngeal
plexus
77
Deglutition (food or liquid is removed from the mouth, through the pharynx and into the esophagus) mechanism. Name the three components?
1. Oral component: voluntary 1st stage
• Bolus in oral cavity moved to oropharynx by tongue
2. Pharyngeal component: involuntary 2nd stage
• Palatoglossi contract behind food bolus palatine
velum (free edge of soft palate) raised by levator veli palatine and tensed by tensor veli palatine
• Pharynx pulled upward to bolus by longitudinal
pharyngeal muscles (palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus)
• Larynx elevated under base of tongue by
suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles – epiglottis is pushed against lower surface of food bolus, then food is diverted around epiglottis through piriform recess
• Elevator muscles relax pharynx descends
superior, middle, inferior constrictors contract initiating primary peristaltic wave which pushes bolus into esophagus
3. Esophageal component: involuntary 3rd stage
• Peristaltic contractions push food to
gastroesophageal junction; cardiac sphincter relaxes and food enters stomach
78
Esophagus
Position & extent
• Posterior to trachea & left of
atrium heart: pierces diaphragm @ esophageal hiatus
• From pharynx to stomach (~10”)
** Constrictions before joining
stomach:
1. Behind cricoid cartilage (at
lower esophageal sphincter
beginning) @ upper esophageal sphincter
2. Where arch of aorta crosses
3. Crossing of left primary bronchus
4. Esophageal hiatus in diaphragm @
79
Divisions of the stomach
Divisions
**Body
• Cardia: indefinite area adjacent to cardiac orifice
• Fundus: part above esophageal opening: cardiac notch @ junction w/esophagus
• Body proper: remainder
** Pylorus
• Pyloric antrum: area next to body
• Pyloric canal: most constricted (2-3cm long), surrounds pyloric orifice (opening to
duodenum)
**Curves
• Lesser curvature: upper right border with angular incisure (angular notch)
• Greater curvature: lower and upper left border
** Sphincters
• Cardiac (esophageal) sphincter : guards opening of eseophagus into
stomach: NOT a true anatomical sphincter but a physiological sphincter (no localized muscle thickening)
• Pyloric sphincter: guards opening of pylorus into duodenum: it’s a true
anatomical sphincter
80
Links to stomach B12, HCl, and intrinsic factor** for your own knowledge
HCl → frees B12 from food → Intrinsic Factor binds to B12 → absorption in small intestine → supports blood & nerve health.
81
Name and describe the four parts of the small intestine dueodenum.
1. Superior portion:
• ~2”, from pylorus superior duodenal
flexure • Gastroduodenal artery passes
posteriorly
2. • Descending portion:
• From superior duodenal flexure
inferior duodenal flexure
• Common bile duct & major/chief
pancreatic duct form the
hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)
which then opens into the duodenum
via the major duodenal papilla
• Terminal ends of both ducts & ampulla
are surrounded by circular smooth
muscle fibers (sphincter of Oddi/
hepatopancreatic ampulla)
• Often there is also an accessory/minor
pancreatic duct which also opens into
duodenum via minor duodenal papilla
(~1” above major duodenal papilla)
3. Horizontal portion:
• Inferior duodenal flexure ascending
portion (to left edge of aorta) • Superior mesenteric artery & vein
pass anteriorly
4. Ascending portion
• Begins on left edge of aorta &
ascends to join jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure
• Held in place by ligament of Treitz/
suspensory ligament of duodenum • Fibromuscular ligament has
attachments to celiac trunk & right crus of diaphragm
82
Small intestine (jejunum &ileum)
• Jejunum: Proximal 2/5 of remaining
small intestine
• Much absorption… gradually
decreases towards distal end of
ileum
• Compared to ileum, jejunum has/is:
—Less absorption, Peyer’s patches present,
mesentery attaches ileum & jejunum to
posterior abdominal wall (root of
mesentery)
—Wider lumen, thicker walls
— Larger villi, more vascularity
—More and larger plicae circulares
—Longer, larger & less numberous vasa
recta (arteria rectae) —Less complex arterial arcades
• Ileum: distal 3/5 of small intestine
83
Large intestine
Cecum: region inferior to
ileocecal valve; anatomical
or physiological
classification is debatable
• Vermiform appendix
• Cecum & appendix usually
suspended by mesentery
made of peritoneum • Mesoappendix =
mesentery of appendix
84
Name and describe the four parts of the colon.
1. Ascending colon: retroperitoneal
• From cecum right colic
(hepatic) flexure
2. Transverse colon: suspended by
transverse mesocolon
(mesentery)
• From R colic flexure left colic
(splenic) flexure
3. Descending colon: retroperitoneal
• From L colic flexure sigmoid
colon
4. Sigmoid colon: suspended by
sigmoid mesocolon
• From superior aperture of lesser
(true) pelvis or pelvic brim
rectum (@S3 level)
85
Major structures common to all
parts of colon:
• Taenia coli
3 bands of outer
longitudinal sooth muscle layer;
shorter than colon, compress colon
longitudinally forming:
86
Major structures common to all
parts of colon:
Haustra
haustrae coli) = sacculations
87
Major structures common to all
parts of colon:
Semilunar folds
edges of colon
between haustra, project into lumen
88
Major structures common to all
parts of colon:
Appendices epiploicae
**practice spelling this one out
small (or
large) fat-filled pouches of
peritoneum hanging from free
surface of colon
89
Rectum
• 6-8” of large intestine, upper part
of rectum is retroperitoneal
• Rectum begins at rectosigmoid
junction (S3)—> ends at anal canal
(level of pelvic diaphragm)
• Follows curvatures of sacrum,
coccyx, pelvic diaphragm
***• ~3 transverse rectal folds (valves of Houston) project into lumen
• Mucosa, submucosa, muscle layers
• Probably hold up fecal matter
90
Anal Canal
• Anatomical anal canal = begins at
upper surface of pelvic diaphragm
—> anus, ~1-1.5” long
• Clinical (surgical) anal canal =
begins at pectinate line (formed by
anal columns and valves
• External hemorrhoids vs internal
hemorrhoids
*External hemorrhoids = pain around rectum
*Internal hemorrhoids = no pain
• Sphincter ani internus = part of
inner smooth muscle layer
• Sphincter ani externus = outer
layer of skeletal muscle (voluntary
91
What is the peritoneum?
• Serous membrane, secretes serous
fluid to lubricate peritoneal
surfaces and permits free movement of certain viscera
• Abdominal cavity: contains
abdominal organs, formed by
muscular walls
• Parietal peritoneum: lines walls of
peritoneal cavity
• Visceral peritoneum: covers
surfaces of many abdominal viscera
(but does NOT cover
retroperitoneal viscera
92
Peritoneal vanity is what?
Potential space between viscera & parietal
peritoneum: therefore, except for ovaries (no
peritoneal lining), NO organs lie in this cavity.
• Contains serous fluid.
• NOT the same as abdominal cavity
93
What are the two parts to the peritoneal cavity?
2 parts:
1. Greater sac: main peritoneal compartment of
peritoneal cavity (from respiratory diaphragm to
pelvis)
2.Lesser sac/Omental bursa
• Smaller compartment
• Represents a diverticulum from greater sac
• Lies mainly behind stomach
• Epiploic foramen (of Winslow): opening between two
compartments
• Contains upper and lower
94
What is retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal: certain organs lie
deep/posterior to parietal peritoneum
• Retroperitoneal organs do not have a mesentery
95
Mesentery is what?
• Double-layer of serous membrane
(double layer of peritoneum in
abdominal cavity).
• Attaches viscus to abdominal wall,
provides support and mobility
• Provides route for vessels,
lymphatics, nerves to and from
organ
• Mesentery proper = that which
attaches small intestine to
posterior abdominal wall
96
What is the omentum?
• A mesentery passing from stomach
to another abdominal viscus
**Greater omentum: extends from
greater curvature, hangs like an apron
anterior to small intestine, folded back
on itself and attached at inferior
border of transverse colon
• Gastrocolic ligament = part of greater
omentum between stomach & transverse
colon, contains gastroepiploic vessels
**Lesser omentum: from lesser
curvature of stomach, duodenum to liver
• Hepatogastric ligament: stomach to liver, contains gastric vessels
• Hepatoduodenal ligament: duodenum to liver; contains common bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery (R L). Common bile
duct & portal vein also pass posterior to superior portion of duodenum
97
Name the peritoneal ligaments? And their orientation
• Gastrosplenic (gastrolienal) ligament:
stomach —> spleen (same as upper left
corner of greater omentum)
• Splenorenal (lienorenal/ phrenolienal)
ligament: spleen —> area anterior to
kidney + attachments to diaphragm
• Falciform ligament: liver—>anterior
abdominal wall
• Anterior & posterior coronary ligaments
: liver —> diaphragm • L and R triangular ligaments : where
anterior and posterior coronary
ligaments meet at their lateral
extremities
98
Parts of the liver.
• Largest gland and internal organ in the
body (vs skin), ~4lbs (1500g), not
retroperitoneal
• Surfaces (2)
• Diaphragmatic surface: opposing
respiratory diaphragm
• Visceral surface: faces inferior & medial
to the left
—Impressions for stomach, duodenum, R colic flexure, R kidney, R adrenal gland
—Sulcus for IVC and fossa for gallbladder —Fissure for ligamentum venosum (lig deep
within)
—Ligamentum teres hepatis occupying fissure
for ligamentum teres
— Porta hepatis (hilus): all structures entering
or leaving liver pass through this opening
99
Name and describe the loves of the liver
Lobes: 2 main, 4 total
• (Large) right lobe :
separated from left by falciform ligament. Contained within and considered part of the right lobe:
• Quadrate lobe: anterior to
porta hepatis, between fossa for GB & fissure for lig teres
• Caudate lobe: posterior to
porta hepatis, between sulcus for IVC & fissures for lig venosum
(Small) left lobe
Bare area: not covered by
visceral peritoneum on posterior aspect of diaphragmatic surface; in direct contact with central tendon of diaphragm
100
Name and describe the parts of the gallbladder. What does the gallbladder make contact with?
Parts:
• Fundus : bottom part, projects
beyond inferior edge of liver • Body: extends superiorly &
posteriorly to the left • Neck: S-shaped region connecting
t cystic duct
Makes contact with:
• Transverse colon, liver, abdominal
wall (respiratory diaphragm),
duodenum
101
What is a significance of shoulder pain that does not get better?
The gallbladder found be irritated and this is referring pain into the phrenic n (C3-5) Dermatome
102
Pancreas overview:
• Endocrine (islets of Langerhans) & exocrine (acinar
pancreas) functions
• Parts:
• Head: lies in curvature of duodenum
• Uncinate process = prolongation of left & caudal borders of
head; crossed anteriorly by superior mesenteric a & v.
• Neck: constricted part to left of head
• Body: projecting to left
• Tail: left extremity, extends into splenorenal ligament
• Ducts:
• Major/chief duct (of Wirsung)
• Minor/accessory duct (of Santorini)
103
Temporomandibular (TM) Joint and Muscles of Mastication
Temporomandibular Joint:
• Basic Structure:
—articular surfaces of mandibular
condyle & mandibular fossa are covered by fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage
—an articular fibrocartilaginous disc is
present (meniscus)
— disc divides the joint cavity into
upper and lower
compartments/cavities
• upper compartment/cavity = plane joint
• lower compartment/cavity = Ginglymus joint
104
105
Reinforcing structures of TMJ
Laterally:
• the Lateral (TM) Ligament
• from the zygomatic arch —> lateral neck
of the mandible
Medially:
• Sphenomandibular Ligament
• spine of sphenoid —> lingula of mandible • Stylomandibular Ligament
• styloid process lower posterior edge
of mandibular ramus & angle
106
4 Primary Muscles of Mastication
1. Massager muscle
• fiber course = downward, backward (inferior, posterior)
• O: zygomatic arch
• I: lateral surface of mandibular ramus & angle
• A: closes lower jaw by elevating the mandible; very small amount of
protraction
2. Temporalis Muscle
• fiber course = downward through the
infratemporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch
• O: temporal fossa
• I: coronoid process & upper anterior edge of
mandibular ramus
• A: closes lower jaw = elevation of mandible;
retracts jaw
3. Laterl Pterygoid Muscle (external pterygoid)
• fiber course: heads converge posteriorly through
the infratemporal fossa (under zygomatic arch)
• O: Superior Head: greater wing of sphenoid Inferior
Head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid
plate/lamina
• I: neck of mandibular condyle, articular disc,
articular capsule
• A:
• protraction of mandible
• bilateral contraction - chin moves straight forward
• unilateral contraction - chin moves to opposite side
(the side that is weak)
• alternate contraction for grinding food
• very small depression action
4. Medial Pterygoid Muscle (internal Pterygoid)
• the deepest of the 4 muscles
• fiber course: downward and backward
• O: deep head: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate superficial head: tuberosity of the maxilla
• I: medial surface of mandibular ramus & angle of mandible
• A: in unison, with masseter muscle and temporalis muscle
—> closes jaw (elevates mandible); very small amount of
protraction *masseter and medial pterygoid basically
“flank” the mandible
107
Movements of the TMJ
Opening the Jaw: involves 2 simultaneous movements
1. Protraction: gliding the mandible forward at the TM joint
• is accomplished primarily by the lateral pterygoid muscle which moves the mandibular condyle and the articular disc
forward until they lay below the articular tubercle
• involves gliding (plane joint in upper compartment) of the superior surface of the articular disc forward across the
mandibular fossa
2. Depression of Mandible
• is accomplished by the mandibular condyle rotating in a hinge movement (in lower compartment) on the inferior
surface of the articular disc
• Closing the Jaw : involves 2 simultaneous movements
3. Retraction of mandible by temporalis muscle
4. Opposition or occlusion of teeth (elevation) by masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles
108
Accessory muscles of mastication
Generally, depression of the mandible is produced
by gravity
• Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles can be used to
indirectly depress the mandible, especially when
opening the mouth suddenly, against resistance, or
when inverted (standing on your head)
• Platysma can be similarly used
• Suprahyoid Muscles - used in opening the mouth
when the hyoid is fixed by the infrahyoid muscles
• Mylohyoid
• Geniohyoid
• Digastric
• Platysma* *not a hyoid muscle
109
Muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN _____
12 (hypoglossal n)
110
Parotid gland is innervated by CN ___ referred to as _________
CN IX (9)
Glossopharyngeal
111
All glands are innervated by CN ____
Except for the ______ ______ which is innervated by CN ___
CN VII (12)
Parotid gland CN IX
112
Which structure connects the small intestine to the large intestine?
Cardiac sphincter
Cecum
Ileocecal valve
Pyloric sphincter
Illeocecal valve
113
Which of the following causes the lower esophageal sphincter to constrict? (select all the accurate choices)
A. Low H+ in stomach
B. High H+ in stomach
C. low pH in stomach
D. High pH in stomach
B and C
114
The muscle of mastication that is found deep to the superficial temporal artery:
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Temporalis
Temporalis
115
The remnant of fetal development that connects the liver to the umbilicus:
Round ligament of liver
Urachus
Falciform ligament
Median umbilical ligament
Round ligament of liver
116
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
Break down food and absorb nutrients
Pump blood
Produce hormones
Regulate body temperature
Break down food and absorb nutrients
117
Which of the following structures is found anteperitoneal?
Esophagus
Transverse colon
Pancreas
Descending colon
Transverse colon
118
Villi and microvilli increase the small intestine's:
Surface area
Temperature
pH
Enzyme production
Surface area
119
Which structure prevents the food bolus from moving anteriorly during deglutition?
Uvula
Upper esophageal sphincter
Palatopharyngeal arch
Soft palate
Palatopharyngeal arch
120
The combined upper and lower jaw include how many incisors?
8
121
After thyroid gland tissue migrates through the tongue during development, the anatomical landmark that remains is the:
Foramen cecum
122
Which condition may result in caput medusae?
Esophagitis
Gastritis
Hepatitis
Colitis
Hepatitis
123
Which organ filters nutrients, detoxifies, regulates cholesterol, helps form vitamin D, and regulates blood sugar digestion?
Liver
124
What is the function of bile in digestion?
Emulsifies fats
125
the ligament of Treitz supports which part of the GI tract??
Large intestine
Stomach
Mouth
Small intestine
Small intestine
126
Which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?
Esophagus
Small intestine
Stomach
Liver
Liver
127
The layer of the tooth that is found between the enamel and the pulp:
Hydroxyapatite
Crown
Dentin
Cementum
Dentin
128
Which salivary gland is located near the ear?
Lingual
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid
Parotid
129
The first section of the small intestine is the:
Colon
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
Duodenum
130
Which of the following contributes to the greater omentum?
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrocolic ligmanet
131
The line that separates the body wall sensation from visceral sensation:
Pectinate
132
The muscular action that pushes food through the esophagus is called:
Peristalsis
133
Where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla drain into??
Descending duodenum
134
The gastroesophageal sphincter is located between the:
Esophagus and stomach
135
Which term refers to the wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
136
Select all of the structures of the porta hepatis:
A. Proper hepatic vein
B. Proper hepatic artery
C. Hepatic portal vein
D. Common bile duct
B, C, D
137
The pancreas is both an:
Enzyme and hormone blocker
Endocrine and exocrine gland
Voluntary and involuntary muscle
Digestive and respiratory organ
Endo and exocrine gland
138
The enzyme amylase in saliva begins the digestion of:
Carbohydrates
139
The three-ribbon like bands of muscle found along the large intestine whose contraction results in shortening of the colon is:
Appendices epiploicae
Taenia coli
Vermiform appendix
Transverse rectal folds
Taenia coli
140
Which of the following organs is considered an accessory organ of digestion?
Small intestine
Esophagus
Pancreas
Stomach
Pancreas
141
Which part of the large intestine is S-shaped and leads to the rectum?
Sigmoid colon
142
The appendix is attached to the:
Rectum
Jejunum
Transverse colon
Cecum
Cecum
