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MODULE 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is perfusion

A

improved blood flow in the wound

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2
Q

what are the pathways of heat loss

A

skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract

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3
Q

what is conduction

A

thermal loss or gain through direct contact

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4
Q

what is convection

A

transfer of thermal heat to the body

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5
Q

what is conversion

A

sound waves transformed to heat

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6
Q

how long does it take skin and subcutaneous tissue to raise in temperature

A

6 minutes

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7
Q

what is muscle guarding

A

protective response in muscle, resulting in a isotonic muscle contraction of antagonist and agonist that surround injured area until healed

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8
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulate body temperature

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9
Q

what is homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium in the body

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10
Q

what is hyperemia

A

redness of skin cause by an increase of blood flow in the capillaries

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11
Q

what is distraction

A

separation of surfaces of a joint by extension without dislocation

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12
Q

what is impingement

A

compression of a nerve root

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13
Q

what is disc herniation

A

protrusion of the intervertebral disc from its normal position

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14
Q

what do muscle relaxation and joint capsule stretching respond better to

A

low load, long stretch

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15
Q

does vasodilation DECREASE blood pressure?

A

yes

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16
Q

does vasoconstriction INCREASE blood pressure?

A

yes

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17
Q

what is analgesia

A

inability to feel pain

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18
Q

when cold is applied, what is the initial response

A

vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels

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19
Q

what does LASER stand for?

A

light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation

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20
Q

what is coherence?

A

nature of the laser wavelength in the way it travels

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the more parallel the beam the greater the concentration of energy in an area

A

true

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22
Q

what is frequency?

A

the # of occurrences in a unit of time

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23
Q

what is rarefaction?

A

“release phase”

molecules get spread out more

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24
Q

what does a sound wave do?

A

exerts pressure on the medium it travels through, alternatively compressing and then releases pressure on the particles of the medium, during the release phase, molecules are more spread out (rarefaction)

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25
what is the audible range for human beings?
30-20 000cps
26
therapeutic ultrasound is typically applied at ?
1 million cps (megahertz)n or 3 MHz
27
matter in a wave does not itself travel; only the wave of energy in transmitted.. TRUE OR FALSE
true
28
the higher the frequency is, the greater the number of cycles per second.. true or false
true
29
what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
``` pain erythema edema heat loss of function ```
30
define reflect
to bend or cast back
31
what is refraction?
the wave portion being transmitted across a boundary that is subject to bending
32
how many cm deep for superficial tissue
1-3
33
how many cm deep for deep tissue
3-5
34
define continuous ultrasound
an uninterrupted flow of sound waves
35
what is duty factor?
the % of on time of ultrasound output
36
if the output is continuous is the duty factor 100%?
yes
37
what is pulsed ultrasound
when the output of ultrasound has an "off " time
38
how hot should the hydrocollator be kept
71-79 C 159-174 F cleaned every 2 weeks
39
vigorous heating occurs when?
40-45 C
40
temps greater than 45 have the potential to cause irreversible tissue damage?
yes
41
the direct effect of heat is an increase in elastic properties of the joint capsule
yes
42
contraindications for heat?
``` inflammation fever malignancies metal implants pacemakers hemorrhage ```
43
precautions of heat?
menses (increase bloodflow) pregnancy (effect on fetus) sensory deficit (could burn)
44
steps to clean hydrocollator
step 1- unplug hydrocollator step 2- remove hot packs and rack step 3 - attach drain hose to drain tap step 4- empty water into buckets by turning red knob step 5 - empty buckets to sink step 6- clean with water and vinegar step 7 - close drain valve and remove hose step 8- attach hose to sink facet and fill step 9 - replace hot packs step 10- fill above hot packs, plug back in
45
hunting response?
cycles of vasoconstriction- vasodilation lasting 12-30 mins during cold exposure
46
therapeutic cold reduces the metabolic rate
true
47
tx goals for cold therapy
reduce pain (A-beta and C fiber stimulation) muscle guarding reduction inflammation reduction hemorrhage containment
48
contraindications for cold?
cold sensitive raynauds disease cold uritica
49
precautions for cold?
thermoregulatory problems sensory deficit hypersensitivity impaired circulation
50
the 4 sensations of cold:
cold - burning/prickling - aching - numbness
51
2 characteristics of audible sound?
pitch and volume (they are parameters)
52
when treating acute inflammation in ULTRASOUND what kind of duty factor do you use?
20%, 1:4 ratio
53
when treating a chronic condition what duty factor do you use?
100% , continuous wave
54
the ultrasound beam does not generate heat itself. so pt will not feel anything, but heat is generated in the tissues as a result of increased molecular vibrations
...
55
more heat is generated at a frequency of 3MHz why
because more energy is delivered at a higher frequency
56
precautions of US:
open wounds, advanced age, pregnancy, joint and metal implants, lack of sensation, pain with pressure
57
contraindications of US:
pregnancy, abnormal growths, lack of sensation, pacemaker, psoriasis, blood clot
58
Laser stands for
Light amplified by stimulation emissions of radiation
59
TRACTION: define distraction
separation of joint surfaces without injury or dislocation
60
in traction the shorter time of pull the more poundage tolerated?
yes
61
what type of traction would muscle relaxation and facet joint stretching benefit from
static traction
62
what type of traction is controlled by the patient
autotraction
63
what does TENS stand for
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
64
what does EMS stand for and what is the Tx goal
electrical muscle stimulation stimulation of denervated muscle to maintain muscle vitality
65
what is reciprocal inhibition stretching
muscles on one side of joint relax to accommodate contraction on the other side
66
does CKC work on approximation?
yes | approximation is pushing 2 joints together
67
what is the Tx goal of TENS
pain management
68
electrical stimulation produces what 3 responses?
pain, motor, sensory
69
what does the rise time mean?
time it takes for the amplitude of the pulse to increase from zero to peak amplitude
70
what is the temperature of paraffin wax
47-54 C for 15-20 mins
71
which EPAS do you use hot/cold sensitivity
cryotherapy, thermotherapy
72
which EPAS do you use you sharp/dull sensitivity
muscle stim, TENS, IFC
73
what are the tx goals of IFC
pain reduction, swelling reduction
74
the ramping of a current can be achieved by:
gradual increase of amplitude | increase of pulse duration
75
contraindication for IFC
pregnancy malignancies anterior aspect of neck
76
precautions for IFC
epilepsy, cardiac conditions, decreased sensation, pacemaker
77
what is analgesia?
absence of pain
78
what is paresthesia?
abnormal sensation of tingling prickling or numbness
79
what is a motor point?
location where peripheral enters the muscle
80
acupuncture points are where in the body?
all over
81
what are trigger points?
areas that exhibit hypersensitivity to pressure and electrical stimulation
82
medium frequencies are generally more comfortable than lower frequencies
true
83
what are adjustable parameters for IFC
``` time intensity electrode size and placement number of channels therapy current type treatment modulation frequency ```
84
when should a client feel tingling/buzzing during IFC
70-150 pps (pain gait blocking)
85
when should client feel contractions/prickling
1-10 pps (acupuncture) release of natural opiates
86
what is carrier frequency
the medium frequency used by 1 or both channels that penetrate the skin
87
what is the main advantage for IFC
depth of penetration | can cover larger treatment area
88
what frequency used for edema reduction for IFC
50pps
89
what frequency used for muscle guarding
80pps
90
what frequency used for pain reduction
70-120pps
91
what is sweep mode in IFC?
modulation that alters the frequency of one of the channels relative to the other channel to prevent accommodation
92
what is amplitude in IFC
alters the intensity of one of the channels downward relative to the other channel
93
the motor point of the muscle is the lowest at the motor end plate, meaning it will take the least amount of electrical current to accomplish the goal of a muscle contraction
yup...
94
physiological effects of IFC
increase blood flow stimulates endorphins blocks pain reduce edema
95
what is paresthesia
abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling without a identifiable cause
96
what is the pain gait theory
a-delta fibers and c fibers are afferents that send pain impulses to the spinal cord , when heat is applied the thermal stimuli overrides painful stimuli
97
what's the 3 criteria for depolarization
amplitude, duration, rise time

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