Module 3

Question 1

Behavior (2)

Answer 1

• can be observed, described and recorded/MEASURED

- involves movement/action

Question 2

2 ways to observe behavior

Answer 2

• directly

- indirectly

Question 3

indirect observation of behavior

Answer 3

some behavior can only be observed using special instruments

Question 4

2 tests that determine whether something is a behavior

Answer 4

• what am I doing test

- dead person test

Question 5

what am I doing test

Answer 5

• can be measured

- states of being traits f`ail the test

Question 6

if 2 or more ppl observe a behavior….

Answer 6

must agree the behavior occured

Question 7

if only 1 person (the behaver) observed it…

Answer 7

t must pass the “what am I doing” test

Question 8

behavior programs

Answer 8

focus on behavior that an observer can see and measure

Question 9

topography

Answer 9

what a behavior looks like (vs fuction: what it does)

Question 10

operant

Answer 10

behavior and its consequence

Question 11

repertoire

Answer 11

set of behaviors that a person can do with relative ease

Question 12

response is

Answer 12

a single instance of behavior

Question 13

Time between when one behavior ended and the next one occurred

Answer 13

inter-response time

Question 14

latency

Answer 14

the time a stimulus occured vs when a behavior started

Question 15

public behavro

Answer 15

can be observed by others

Question 16

private behavior

Answer 16

can only be experienced by the individual doing the behavior

Question 17

Inter-response time

Answer 17

Time between when one behavior ended and the next one occurred

Question 18

focus on behavior that an observer can see and measure

Answer 18

Behavior programs

Question 19

behavior and its consequence

Answer 19

Operant

Question 20

what a behavior looks like (vs fuction: what it does)

Answer 20

Topography

Question 21

set of behaviors that a person can do with relative ease

Answer 21

Repertoire

Question 22

a single instance of behavior

Answer 22

Response

Question 23

the time a stimulus occured vs when a behavior started

Answer 23

Latency

Question 24

what relationship is key in behavior analysis

Answer 24

the relationship between behavior and environment

Question 25

relationship between behavior and environment

Answer 25

a persons behavior is changed by changes in the environment

Question 26

relationship between environment and behavior | -direct link

Answer 26

there is a direct link between environment and behavior

Question 27

Environment

Answer 27

everything that a person can experience that is happening around them

Question 28

the environment is both...

Answer 28

inside and outside the organisms skin

Question 29

internal environemnt

Answer 29

how you feel, pain, voices in head before seizure

Question 30

as behavior interventionists we look at what aspects of environment

Answer 30

what happends in evironment before during and after target behavior occured

Question 31

First 2 rules of doing behavior analysis

Answer 31

ID the behaver, and which behavior (of that individual) we are talking about

Question 32

Can break down 'the environment' into individual events called

Answer 32

stimuli

Question 33

stimulus

Answer 33

- a change in the environment that can affect behavior | - it is an environmental event

Question 34

attenuation of a stimulus

Answer 34

stimulus is made less or smaller

Question 35

for something to count as a stimulus for a person

Answer 35

they have to have attended to/experiences it

Question 36

Ways to categorize stimuli (3)

Answer 36

- physical aspects - effect on behavior - effect on other stimuli

Question 37

categorizing a stimulus by time (relative to the specific response) (2)

Answer 37

a stimulus can occur | -before a response or after the response

Question 38

name of two types of stimuli (related in time to the response)

Answer 38

- antecedents | - consequences

Question 39

A-B-C

Answer 39

antecedent, behavior, consequence

Question 40

consequence

Answer 40

a stimulus that follows a response

Question 41

Two main types of consequences

Answer 41

- reinforcement | - punishment

Question 42

Reinforcement

Answer 42

behavior is either increased or maintained by reinforcement

Question 43

reinforcer

Answer 43

a consequence that increased or maintained a particular behavior in the future

Question 44

relationship between reinforcmeent and reinforcers

Answer 44

reinforcement is the process that happens when a behavior is followed by a reinforcer

Question 45

is a reward a reinfrocer (2)

Answer 45

may or may not function as a reinforcer | defined by its future effect on behavior

Question 46

Reinforcement can be positive or negative | what each mean

Answer 46

``` positive= 'added' negative= 'taken away' ```

Question 47

positive reinforcement (2)

Answer 47

- specific stimulus is added or increased | - as result that type of response is more likely to happen again in the future

Question 48

symbol for positive reinforcement

Answer 48

S^R+ | S w/subscript R+

Question 49

if an aversive condition follows a response (as a consequence) it is...

Answer 49

punishing

Question 50

if an aversive condition is an antecedent to behavior...

Answer 50

person is likley to do something to avoid or escape it

Question 51

negative reinforcement

Answer 51

a stimulus is REMOVED or reduced after a behavior, and this results in the behavior happening MORE often in future

Question 52

For negative reinforcement to occur what must be present

Answer 52

an unpleasant condition must be present before the response ocurs

Question 53

antecedent condition in negative reinforcement

Answer 53

called an aversive

Question 54

Negative Reinforcement Equation

Answer 54

Irritant - R - S^R irritant=an aversive antecedent R= escape response S=irritant is removed or reduced

Question 55

unconditioned reinforcers

Answer 55

some stimuli function as reinforcers without prior learning

Question 56

examples of unconditioned reinforcers (5)

Answer 56

food, water, air, physical contact, pain reduction

Question 57

learned reinforcers

Answer 57

some stimuli BECOME reinforcing through learning

Question 58

Examples of learned reinforcers (5)

Answer 58

praise, tokens, money, games, task completion, 'I love you', $100 bill

Question 59

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 59

stimuli that function as reinforcers only after learning, through a process of pairing

Question 60

pairing

Answer 60

occurs when a stimulus that has no particular effect (like a clicking sound) is presented to the behavor simultaneously with an unconditioned reinforcers (like food)

Question 61

learning through pairing example

Answer 61

-looks like this click-food, click-food, click-food -'click' sound will function as conditioned reinforcer w/o need for food

Question 62

contiguity

Answer 62

nearness in time

Question 63

importance of contiguity in clicker training

Answer 63

a high degree of contiguity is key

Question 64

contiguity and the RBT

Answer 64

when conditioning reinforcers, it is important that two stimuli are presented together closely in time

Question 65

contigency (2)

Answer 65

- exists between two events when one depends on the other | - written as if/then statement

Question 66

Contiguity, contigency and reinforcement

Answer 66

for reinforcement procedure to work, reinforcer must be delivered - immediately after target response (close contiguity) - only after the target response has occured (strong contigency)

Question 67

socially mediaated reinforcer

Answer 67

when another person provides the reinforcer

Question 68

automatic reinforcer

Answer 68

when the completion of the response is the reinforcer

Question 69

all the stimuli and conditions that can effect behavior

Answer 69

environment

Question 70

operant

Answer 70

behavior that has an effect on the environment

Question 71

reinforcer

Answer 71

a consequence that increases or maintains the future frequency of the response it follows

Question 72

``` ID an element of the environment A bag of chips is on the table a) the chips on the table b) opening the chips c) eating the chips ```

Answer 72

a) the chips on the table

Question 73

which of these is part of a behaving organisms environment a) the spicy taste of a hot pepper b) watching a traffic light turn green c) trying not to scratch a mosquito bite d) reading a book alone in a room

Answer 73

a) the spicy taste of a hot pepper

Question 74

select all that are true of a stimulus a) is an environmental change b) can be inside or outside of the body c) affects an organism through its receptors

Answer 74

all of the above

Question 75

in positive reinforcement a stimulus is _____ following a response

Answer 75

added