module 3 reds Flashcards
(28 cards)
features of the nasal cavity
large sa, hairy lining, moist surfaces (red evaporation)
features of the trachea
rings of cartilage, lined with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
features of the bronchus
smaller trachea
features of the bronchioles
no cartilage, smooth muscle in walls to allow constriction and dilation, thin layer of flattened epithelium
features of alveoli
thin flattened epithelium cells, collagen, elastin,
adaptations of alveoli
large sa, thin walls, good blood supply, good ventilation
inspiration
internal intercostal relax, ribs move up and out
expiration
external intercostal relax, ribs move down and in
forcible expiration
internal intercostal contract, pulling ribs down and in hard. abdominal muscles contract, forcing diaphragm up to increase pressure in lungs
what happens at arteriole end of capillary
-plasma proteins give capillary low oncotic pressure
-high hydrostatic pressure (from heart pumping blood) forces fluid out
-fluid between cells = tissue fluid
what happens at venous end
-hydrostatic pressure falls below oncotic pressure
-water moves in via osmosis
composition of tissue fluid
same as blood minus red blood cells and plasma proteins
composition of lymph
same as tissue fluid but fewer nutrients and oxygen, and fatty acids
what is lymph
remaining tissue fluid drains into lymph capillaries
what are lymph nodes
intercept bacteria. lymphocytes build up to produce antibodies
positive cooperativity
haemoglobin changes shape with oxygen binding
bohr effect
high pco2, more o2 released
transport of co2 (%)
5% in plasma
10-20% in amino groups in haem (carbaminohaemoglobin)
75-85% as hco3-
how is carbon converted to hco3-
co2 + h2o -> h2co3 -> h+ + hco3-
carbon dioxide + water -> carbonic acid -> hydrogen ions + hydrogen carbonate ions
catalysed by carbonic anhydrase in rbcs
chloride shift
hco3- moves out, cl- moves in to maintain charge
flow of blood through right side of heart
deox blood enters through vena cava from body, leaves through pul artery
flow of blood through left side of heart
ox blood enters through pul vein from lungs, leaves through aorta to body
what is the cardiac cycle
describes events in a single heartbeat
what happens in diastole
relaxation, fill with blood, pressure increases but is at minimum in arteries