module 3 reds Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

features of the nasal cavity

A

large sa, hairy lining, moist surfaces (red evaporation)

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2
Q

features of the trachea

A

rings of cartilage, lined with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

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3
Q

features of the bronchus

A

smaller trachea

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4
Q

features of the bronchioles

A

no cartilage, smooth muscle in walls to allow constriction and dilation, thin layer of flattened epithelium

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5
Q

features of alveoli

A

thin flattened epithelium cells, collagen, elastin,

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6
Q

adaptations of alveoli

A

large sa, thin walls, good blood supply, good ventilation

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7
Q

inspiration

A

internal intercostal relax, ribs move up and out

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8
Q

expiration

A

external intercostal relax, ribs move down and in

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9
Q

forcible expiration

A

internal intercostal contract, pulling ribs down and in hard. abdominal muscles contract, forcing diaphragm up to increase pressure in lungs

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10
Q

what happens at arteriole end of capillary

A

-plasma proteins give capillary low oncotic pressure
-high hydrostatic pressure (from heart pumping blood) forces fluid out
-fluid between cells = tissue fluid

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11
Q

what happens at venous end

A

-hydrostatic pressure falls below oncotic pressure
-water moves in via osmosis

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12
Q

composition of tissue fluid

A

same as blood minus red blood cells and plasma proteins

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13
Q

composition of lymph

A

same as tissue fluid but fewer nutrients and oxygen, and fatty acids

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14
Q

what is lymph

A

remaining tissue fluid drains into lymph capillaries

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15
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

intercept bacteria. lymphocytes build up to produce antibodies

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16
Q

positive cooperativity

A

haemoglobin changes shape with oxygen binding

17
Q

bohr effect

A

high pco2, more o2 released

18
Q

transport of co2 (%)

A

5% in plasma
10-20% in amino groups in haem (carbaminohaemoglobin)
75-85% as hco3-

19
Q

how is carbon converted to hco3-

A

co2 + h2o -> h2co3 -> h+ + hco3-
carbon dioxide + water -> carbonic acid -> hydrogen ions + hydrogen carbonate ions
catalysed by carbonic anhydrase in rbcs

20
Q

chloride shift

A

hco3- moves out, cl- moves in to maintain charge

21
Q

flow of blood through right side of heart

A

deox blood enters through vena cava from body, leaves through pul artery

22
Q

flow of blood through left side of heart

A

ox blood enters through pul vein from lungs, leaves through aorta to body

23
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

describes events in a single heartbeat

24
Q

what happens in diastole

A

relaxation, fill with blood, pressure increases but is at minimum in arteries

25
what happens in systole
atria then ventricles contract. pressure increases dramatically, blood forced out. pressure in arteries at max
26
what is the sino atrial node
pacemaker area which initiates beat, top of atrium, causes atrial contraction
27
what is the atrioventricular node
picks up san wave, stimulates bundle of his
28
what is the bundle of his
conducting tissues made of purkyne fibres (penetrate septum at top). splits into two branches and stims apex. ventricles contract