module 4 reds Flashcards
ring rot
bacteria, damages leaves, tubers and fruit
tobacco mosaic virus
virus, stunts growth
potato blight
protoctist, penetrates host cells
black sigatoka
fungus, turns leaves black
tuberculosis
bacteria, suppresses immune system and damages lung tissue
bacterial meningitis
bacteria, affects brain and can cause septicaemia
hiv/aids
virus, targets t helper cells
influenza
virus, affects ciliated epithelial cells of gas exchange system
malaria
protoctist, invades rbcs, liver and brain
ring worm
fungus, causes crusty patches of skin
athlete’s foot
fungus, cracking and scaling
t helper cells
bind to antigens on aps, release interleukins (type of cytokine) which stim b cells
t killer cells
produce perforin, which makes cell membrane permeable
t memory cells
divide rapidly into t killers
t regulator cells
suppress response after pathogen is gone
plasma cells
produce antibodies
b effector cells
divide to form plasma cell clones
b memory cells
remember specific antigen
what is cell mediated immunity
t lymphocytes respond to changes in cells
what happens in cell mediated immunity
-macrophages from nonspecific response become apcs
-t helpers recognise antigens, produce interleukins and form clones
-cloned cells may become t memories, produce interleukins to stim phagocytosis or b cell division, or develop t killers
what is humoral immunity
responds to antigens found outside the cell, so produces soluble antibodies
what happens in humoral immune response
-b cell with correct antibodies engulfs and becomes apc
-t helpers bind to b cell (clonal selection)
-interleukins activate b cells to divide into clones of plasma cells (clonal expansion)
evidence for 3 domains
differences in rrna nucleotides, lipid structures and sensitivity to antibiotics
what is phylogeny
evolutionary relationships between organisms
