Module 4

Question 1

The single most economically viable traits of livestock in a sustainable system, can be positively influenced by proper management likewise hindered by poor practice.

Answer 1

Ability to reproduce

Question 2

Of all the major livestock species they have the greatest potential for advancement in reproductive efficiency.

Answer 2

Goat and sheeps

Question 3

Is defined as being low input and often utilizing larger tracts of land

Answer 3

Extensive production

Question 4

Is one of the primary differences in intensive versus extensive production

Answer 4

Reproductive management

Question 5

Will generate larger lamb and kid crops but an added production cost.
Lambing and kidding generally occurs in a facility or small paddock under daily management.

Answer 5

Intensive operation

Question 6

Is typically more precise in intensive management and often include PEDIGREE, HEALTH, PERFORMANCE INFORMATION AND DATES FOR BREEDING, LAMBING)KIDDING AND WEANING OF individual animals.

Answer 6

Record keeping

Question 7

Are typically more higher in intensive management but the adoption of technology to improve efficiency is also more prevalent in this system

Answer 7

Labor output

Question 8

Usually focuses on group of animals as opposed to the individual.
Ewes and nannies often give birth outside and under limited supervision.

Answer 8

Extensive production

Question 9

Have both approximately 39 million sheep

Answer 9

Tropical Sudan and temperate New Zealand

Question 10

Australia primarily arid and semi-arid have how many million of sheep?

Answer 10

95 million

Question 11

Throughout the world sheep production can vary from what?

Answer 11

from strictly pastoral systems ( to)
Nomadic production (to)
Total confinement

Question 12

in some extensive production systems, a female sheep or goat is manage to produce how many offspring?

Answer 12

3-5 offspring in their lifetime

Question 13

Some intensive production systems may produce how many offspring?

Answer 13

3-5 offspring per breeding female annually

Question 14

Differentiate extensive and intensive production system

Answer 14

Intensive operation will generate larger lamb and kid crops, but an added production cost.
Extensive usually focuses on group of animals as opposed to the individual.
Extensive production systems -3-5 offspring lifetime
Intensive production systems -3-5 offspring per breeding female annually

Question 15

Four main breeding system commonly employed in the goat and sheep industry

Answer 15

Hand mating
Pen breeding
Artificial insemination
Out-of-season breeding

Question 16

This method involves selecting the buck/ram for the doe/ewe and mating them. This method has the advantage of allowing the exact breeding recorded. However quite labor intensive, requiring the manager to accurately identify the doe/ewe in heat and facilitate in mating.

Answer 16

Hand mating

Question 17

In pen breeding the buck/ram is put in a pen of does/ewe in heat to facilitate their mating this method relies on the male to detect females in heat. It is significantly less labor intensive when compare to hand breeding

Answer 17

Pen breeding

Question 18

A yearling male should be placed with how many females?

Answer 18

10-25 females

Question 19

A mature male can be placed with how many females?

Answer 19

15-40

Question 20

Offers the advantage of introducing superior genetics cost effective

Answer 20

Artificial insemination

Question 21

Currently the most reliable results of artificial insemination in goats and sheeps are obtained by what?

Answer 21

Inseminating trans-cervically with fresh semen

Question 22

The most reliable though costly method involves using artificial lighting

Answer 22

Out of season breeding

Question 23

During winter months male and female does and ewes exposed to how many hours of light?

Answer 23

20 hours of light for 60 days

Question 24

To ensure prevention of production losses due to infertility, a breeding soundness examination should be performed in the what day?

Answer 24

30-60 days prior to the breeding season

Question 25

Various factor that can determine when and how often operations choose to lamb or kid.

Answer 25

Available labor Breed Seasonality Available forage Targeted market

Question 26

Once a year mating is referred to as what?

Answer 26

Annual production

Question 27

Alternate forms of production

Answer 27

Opportunistic and accelerated schemes

Question 28

Is the most common practice in sheep and goat production.

Answer 28

Once a year mating or annual

Question 29

Typically offers conditions that are most conductive to lamb/kid survival

Answer 29

Springtime

Question 30

Can be described as bucks or billies being with females year-round. This scheme, usually more extensive in production style, is a reduce labor alternative for some producers and survival of offspring can often be dictated by climatic events.

Answer 30

Opportunistic production

Question 31

In this system of production it becomes more challenging for the producer's to determine variation in ewe or doe fertility, and this the practice of culling is typically not regimented.

Answer 31

Opportunistic production

Question 32

The 2 most common accelerated programs.

Answer 32

8 months and STAR

Question 33

Is the simpler among two methods of accelerated programs. Typically there is a predetermined schedule of joining males with females twice during a more natural breeding season and once during the aseasonal period

Answer 33

8 months accelerated cycle

Question 34

Allow approximately 90 days for lactation and rebreeding to occur.

Answer 34

Short one-cycle window

Question 35

Is slightly more demanding on the ewes with a maximum number of births per ewe per year of 1.67 versus 1.5 in an 8-months

Answer 35

STAR method

Question 36

Three groups of star that are manage simultaneously

Answer 36

Breeding and gestation period Lambing and lactation group Weaned lamb group

Question 37

In the star system breeding of GROUP 1 occurs simultaneously with lambing in Group 2, which happens five times per year at how many days intervals?

Answer 37

73 days intervals

Question 38

Breeding occurs how many times during the natural breeding season of sheep?

Answer 38

Three times

Question 39

Breeding occurs how many times during aseasonal period?

Answer 39

Twice

Question 40

Tropically developed hair sheep breeds, which originated closer to the equator and thus experience minimal day length changes and well-suited in what kind of production systems?

Answer 40

Accelerated cycles

Question 41

Numerous factors influence reproduction in sheep and goats

Answer 41

Nutritional status Genetic potential Age Season

Question 42

Are examples of programs that analyze data and generate estimated breeding values for various economically relevant traits, including production

Answer 42

Sheep genetics (AUSTRALIA) SHEEP IMPROVEment LIMITED (new Zealand) Signet ( united Kingdom)

Question 43

Is the percentage of lambs produced compared to the number of ewes or does exposed to males.

Answer 43

Lamb crop

Question 44

Is often the measuring stick for the annual success of an operation, but may be impacted by many other factors than simply reproduction.

Answer 44

Lamb crop

Question 45

Are generated within contemporary groups as a way of eliminating environment factors.

Answer 45

EBVs

Question 46

Can allow for quicker genetic progress than simply selecting replacement form large litters

Answer 46

Selecting rams with improved lamb crop

Question 47

It is critical to track this to accurately predict genetic potential

Answer 47

Multigenerational pedigrees

Question 48

Difference between fertility and fecundity

Answer 48

Fertility is the ability of animals to reproduce whole an fecundity is the number of offspring an animal produces as a result of mating.

Question 49

Is often correlated to the timing of puberty in sheep and goats, as those that reach puberty quicker tend to remain more fertile throughout their lifetime.

Answer 49

Fertility

Question 50

Found in the Booroola Merino sheep was the first gene identified that is related to fecundity in sheep. It is a single gene trait that greatly increases the prolificacy of sheep.

Answer 50

FecB mutation to the BMPR-1B gene

Question 51

Increases lambing rate by 100% and two copies increase lambing rate by 200% or more.

Answer 51

A single copy of the FecB allele

Question 52

Are prominently found in Belclare, Romney, and Lacaune breeds

Answer 52

BMP15 gene

Question 53

Is imperative for a female to become pregnant and raise her offspring.

Answer 53

Proper body condition

Question 54

Will be disadvantage for maintaining her own condition and should be culled

Answer 54

Ewe with broken mouth

Question 55

Residual knots and abscesses exist indicates what? present in a prior lactation the female should be considered for culling.

Answer 55

Mastitis

Question 56

Is particularly important to both meat and diary production

Answer 56

Udder quality

Question 57

For various abortion-causing diseases may also be a beneficial practice, particularly in more intensive production where there will be considerable contact among animals during the birthing season.

Answer 57

Vaccination

Question 58

During gestation may be needed to control aborting agents when a vaccine is not available or is not fully effective.

Answer 58

Oral or injectable antibiotics

Question 59

Is a general term for increasing plane of nutrition to females for 2-6 weeks prior to breeding. This strategy can increase ovulation and subsequently embryonic survival

Answer 59

Flushing

Question 60

Are seasonally anestrous

Answer 60

Rams or bucks

Question 61

BSE should be be recommended to conduct in what day? to allow enough time for a follow up BSE in 30 days

Answer 61

60 days before breeding season

Question 62

Enlargement of the epididymis is a sign of what?

Answer 62

Ovine Epididymis from a Brucella Ovis infection.

Question 63

Testicular minimum threshold recommendation cm circumference measurements of young and mature rams and bucks

Answer 63

Young rams -30 cm circumference Mature bucks- 33 cm circumference

Question 64

Is highly correlated with semen production and fertility.

Answer 64

Testicular size

Question 65

Should be collected and evaluated for sperm motility and morphology

Answer 65

Semen sample

Question 66

Equipment used to collect semen sample

Answer 66

Artificial vagina and electro-ejaculator

Question 67

Percent of semen being motile to be considered as satisfactory

Answer 67

30%

Question 68

Percent of sperm morphology and shape to be considered as satisfactory

Answer 68

50%

Question 69

The breeding window should set approximately at how many months?

Answer 69

5 months

Question 70

Gestation ranges of sheep and goats

Answer 70

145-155 days

Question 71

Difference of single sire and multi sire mating

Answer 71

Single sire mating is one male per breeding group of females, ensures that a mating results in offspring with a desired pedigree. While multi sire mating generally results in a greater pregnancy rate.

Question 72

The estrous cycle of ewe last for how many days

Answer 72

17 days

Question 73

The estrous cycle of doe last for how many days?

Answer 73

21 days

Question 74

It is common to leave the males in a minimum of how many days to ensure that each female has had two periods of estrus.

Answer 74

34-42 days

Question 75

Generally are seasonally polyestrous, a short-day breeder

Answer 75

Sheep and goats

Question 76

It is secreted by pineal gland

Answer 76

Melatonin

Question 77

Is one of strategy to capture a higher value for offspring.

Answer 77

Aseasonality or out of breeding season

Question 78

Hair breeds that tends to be more reproductively aseasonal

Answer 78

Ancestry form Merino and Dorsets

Question 79

Are goats breeds noted for their ability to experience estrous cycle year-round or have an extended breeding season.

Answer 79

Boer, Pygmy, and Creole

Question 80

Of the diary breeds is the least seasonal however have been shown to experience an anestrous period when exposed to a temperate photoperiod.

Answer 80

Nubian

Question 81

Tend to experience a transitionary period

Question 82

tend to experience a transitionary period between anestrous/anovulatory periods and seasonal estrous where spontaneous estrus can occur, especially when exposed to a male (Buck Effect).

Answer 82

Goat

Question 83

In less seasonal breeds, this can stimulate estrous cycles during the entire anestrous period

Answer 83

Buck Effect

Question 84

can often lead to higher valued offspring as lamb and kids are being produced and sold when supply is low.

Answer 84

Aseasonal reproduction

Question 85

Several management tools that can be utilized to induce aseasonal reproduction in sheep and goats .

Answer 85

• Light exposure protocols and/or melatonin treatment • Exogenous progesterone via oral or intravaginal devices for a period of 11-14 days (sheep) or 18- 21 days (goats) • Reintroduction of males to females • Female nutritional status • Genetic selection for out of season reproductive capability

Question 86

have been effective at inducing estrus in females as well as increasing testicular size and sexual activity in males.

Answer 86

Light exposure protocols and/or melatonin treatment

Question 87

are common methods to supply progesterone to sheep and goats. It is common to provide prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-α) or gonadotropins immediately following exogenous progesterone supplementation to induce the onset of estrus.

Answer 87

Progesterone impregnated sponges or Controlled Intravaginal Drug Releasing (CIDR) devices

Question 88

is important for out of season pregnancy rates.

Answer 88

Reintroduction of males to females

Question 89

is pheromone-induced estrus in anestrous females.

Answer 89

Ram effect

Question 90

is a vasectomized male, prior to breeding as females tend to be more fertile the second cycle after introduction to males and thus a tighter breeding window can be achieved for the group.

Answer 90

Teaser

Question 91

Undernourished ewes are at risk for several issues including?

Answer 91

pregnancy toxemia, small and/or weak lambs decreased milk production a compromised immune system

Question 92

are a major issue for most sheep and goat producers in the world.

Answer 92

Internal parasites

Question 93

occurs when the parasite cannot complete its lifecycle outside of the animals.

Answer 93

periparturient rise in parasites

Question 94

reproductive traits are lowly heritable ranging from what and thus breeding for aseasonality can take several generations of selection.

Answer 94

0.05 to 0.15

Question 95

Parturition signals round worms

Answer 95

Haemonchus contortus

Question 96

The ideal time period to ultrasound ewes/does for pregnancy and litter size

Answer 96

between 50- and 90-days gestation

Question 97

allows farmers to better supply the appropriate nutritional support to pregnant versus open females.

Answer 97

Pregnancy determination

Question 98

are often culled or allowed to lamb out of season and managed in a separate flock or herd.

Answer 98

Open ewe

Question 99

This provides a much more sanitary environment for lambing as fluid and feces caught in the wool may lead to fly strike.

Answer 99

Shearing and crutching

Question 100

allows for a cleaner lambing environment while still offering protection to the ewe from harsh weather until later in the spring when cold temperatures are not as frequent.

Answer 100

Crutching

Question 101

will result in a cleaner wool clip and will also stimulate the appetite of the ewe, which is beneficial during late gestation and lactation.

Answer 101

Shearing

Question 102

are most susceptible to death loss.

Answer 102

Neonates

Question 103

the practice of having ewes or does give birth outside of a confined facility or paddock without continual human supervision. This can be in a pasture of any size or on the open range, such as flocks grazing communal land.

Answer 103

Range lambing/kidding

Question 104

usually leaves the female under limited to no supervision during birth, so females must be selected for natural maternal instinct.

Answer 104

Range lambing/kidding

Question 105

allows for protection from the elements and predators. Feed, labor, and facilities are all required for shed lambing, assisting with difficult births and helping lambs and kids nurse if required.

Answer 105

Shed lambing/kidding

Question 106

allows for better record keeping and productivity of dams and offspring can be easily quantified.

Answer 106

Shed lambing/kidding

Question 107

Once females have given birth, they are moved to a “jug”, what is the measurement of a jug?

Answer 107

1.5 x 1.5 m pen

Question 108

Is use to aide in the bonding and nursing process.

Answer 108

Jug

Question 109

Dams and offspring will remain in the jug for how many hours to allow offspring to nurse and gain strength.

Answer 109

24-48 hours

Question 110

have been developed that are very effective at rearing large numbers of lambs or kids with limited labor resources.

Answer 110

Automated milking machines

Question 111

allows the dam to recover her body condition in time to breed the following season.

Answer 111

Weaning

Question 112

when can a lamb/kid be wean?

Answer 112

Early as 5 weeks to greater than 6 months.

Question 113

Factors that can influences weaning time .

Answer 113

marketing goals of the offspring, size, condition of the dam, risk of predation, and facilities available.

Question 114

Most producer target when weaning

Answer 114

60-90 days of age 20 kg

Question 115

peak lactation of the commercial ewe (non-dairy)

Answer 115

between 21 and 30 days

Question 116

The practice of offering grain to lambs/kids that have not yet been weaned, can help the eventual transition off of milk to a post-weaning diet and can reduce stress at weaning time.

Answer 116

Creep feeing