Module 4 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What material is able to pass freely between odontoblastic zone into the dentine
A
Serum proteins
2
Q
T/F, cell-free zone of weil is present during tooth dvlpment ?
A
F, not present
3
Q
What are the 4 cell types found in pulp
A
Fibroblast, immune cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, odontoCLAST
4
Q
_________is the main cell type of pulp. It produces & maintains_________
A
Fibroblast, matrix
5
Q
Which of the following statements about the innervation of pulp is true?
Nerves enter the pulp via the apical foramen and may be sensory or sympathetic
Nerves enter the pulp via the apical foramen and are all sensory
Nerves enter the pulp via the Plexus of Raschkow and are all sympathetic
Nerves enter the pulp via the Plexus of Raschkow and are all sensory
Nerves enter the pulp via the apical foramen and are all sympathetic
A
Nerves enter the pulp via the apical foramen and may be sensory or sympathetic
6
Q
What is the definition of aging in cellular level ?
A
Diminished ability to respond to stress
7
Q
hydropic change means cellular_________
A
swelling
8
Q
Lipofuscin is characterised under microscope by__________
A
Brownish or black dots depending on type of microscope
9
Q
Hyaline changes is characterised under microscope by__________
A
cells becoming more reddish/pinkish
10
Q
Hyaline changes is caused by__________in plasma cells
A
Eosinophilic change due to excessive production of immunoglobulins forming Russell bodies
11
Q
List 3 functions of Astrocytes
A
- CNS neuron sprt
- Maintain blood brain barrier
- Injury response
12
Q
List 3 functions of Microglia
A
- CNS immune cells
- Synaptic pruning
- Injury response
13
Q
List the 2 functions of Schwann cell
A
- PNS myelination
- Neuro-regeneration
14
Q
What is the function of dental pulp ?
A
To support living dentine (provide nutrients, sensory function, protection)
15
Q
Wt cells in myelin of dental pulp?
A
Schwann cells
16
Q
Wt is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated?
A
Myelinated: faster (jumping nodes) for sharp pain
Unmyelinated: slower (continuous); dull ache
17
Q
Wt is the type of neuron in dental pulp?
A
Pseudo-unipolar
18
Q
Where is trigeminal ganglion located?
A
Meckels cave
19
Q
Wt is the ganglion involved with trigeminal nerve other than trigeminal ganglion?
A
Mesencephalic nucleus of V
(Deep in brain)
20
Q
Distinguish motor and sensory root of trigeminal nerve.
A
Motor root: small, medial
Sensory root: large, lateral
They both exit in the lateral aspect of pons
21
Q
What is the major cell type in the pulp ?
A
Fibroblast
22
Q
What is in odontoblastic zone in pulp?
A
Cell bodies of odontoblast, capillaries, unmyelinated axons
23
Q
The brainstem reticular formation is responsible for_______ aspect of pain processing ?
A
Arousal`
24
Q
Sialosis is characterised by the_________of major salivary glands due to___________
A
enlargement, acinar hypertrophy
25
Anaplasia means______________
Loss of differentiation
26
How long do neutrophils stay in circulation ?
~5 days
27
How long do neutrophils live in tissue ?
2-6 hrs
28
Overproduction of___________cause malaise. They are also resonsible for fever ?
IL1, IL6, TNF
29
Neurons of spinomesencephalic tract terminates at___________
midbrain periaqueductal grey
30
___________tract can amplify/lower the noxious sensory input ?
Spinoreticular
31
__________tract is responsible for the emotional quality of noxious stimuli ?
Spinothalamic
32
Spinothalamic tract codes for which 4 qualities of pain ?
Location, Intensity, Sensory, Emotional
33
Cell bodies of sensory nerve (trigeminal) are found in____________
"Semi-lunar" Gasserian ganglion & mesencephalic nucleus of V
34
Trigeminal nerve leaves pons___________(location) ?
Laterally
35
Brainstem is comprised of_____________
Mid brain + Pons + Medulla
36
The (motor/sensory) root of trigeminal nerve is bigger in size ?
Sensory
37
Which glia is the immune cell of CNS ?
Microglia
38
Which glia provide neuron support to CNS ?
Astrocytes
39
Which of the following sensory modality is conveyed by unmyelinated nerves?
Fine touch
Proprioception
Vibration
Crude touch
Pain
Pain
40
What type of neurons are responsible for a dull aching pain?
Unmyelinated neurons with soma in the trigeminal ganglia
Unmyelinated neurons with soma in the dorsal root ganglia
Pyramidal neurons
Myelinated neurons with soma in the trigeminal ganglia
Myelinated neurons with soma in the dorsal root ganglia
Unmyelinated neurons with soma in the dorsal root ganglia
41
In the process of extravasation, leukocytes move into tissues from the vasculature:
Predominantly in venules
Essentially as monocytes on the first day post injury - neutrophils
Predominantly in arterioles
In response to the Fc fragment of IgG
Predominantly in venules
42
What is located in the axon terminal?
Nucleus
Post synaptic receptors
Nodes of Ranvier
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
43
- How is subodontoblastic plexus of raschkow formed ?
- Many of them contribute to the____________
- Axon nerve fibers start as large bundle then branch extensively towards the periphery of pulp
- Extensive nerve endings in the cell free zone of weil
44
subodontoblastic plexus of raschkow is found in which zone ?
Cell free zone of weil
45
Exudate is odema w/____________
high protein content
46
Selectin is responsible for the_____________
activation & rolling of Leukocytes (WBC)
47
Integrin is responsible for_____________
Rolling, firm adhesion & passage of Leukocytes (WBC)
48
Are neurons in dental pulp myelinated or unmyelinated ?
contain both types
49
Trigeminal nerve contain special visceral efferent fibers to____________
muscleS of mastication
50
Noxious info enters the spinal cord via_____horn
Dorsal
51
Which part of the CNS is responsible for mounting defensive behavior (pain)
Periaqueductal grey in midbrain
52
In spinomesencephalic tract: Sensory neurons arrive at spinal cord >______>_______> midbrain
open medulla > pons
53
__________tract is responsible for determining location & intensity of noxious stimuli ?
Spinothalamic tract
54
___________is the soft tissue core of the teeth ?
Dental pulp
55
T/F, dental pulp does NOT contain water
F
56
Accessory canals are found in______%of pulp chamber ?
33%
57
List 2 neurotransmitters are highly involved in pain & inflammation ?
Substance P & CGRP
58
Dysplasia is also described as "________"growth
Disordered
59
_____PLASIAs are necessary step in cancer transformation ?
DYSPLASIA & ANAPLASIA
60
______PLASIA can sometimes be protective ?
META
61
Tactile sensation is mediated by the
Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles
Free nerve endings and Merkel discs
Pacinian corpuscles and C type fibers
Meissners corpuscles and Aβ type fibres
Muscle spindles and Pacinian corpuscles
Meissners corpuscles and Aβ type fibres
62
The trigeminal nerve originates from how many nuclei ?
4
63
The conscious perception of a noxious stimulus location is likely coded in this brain region
Primary motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Insular cortex
Midbrain
Primary somatosensory cortex
64
Sialosis
is due to an atrophy of the acinar component of salivary glands
is an inflammatory condition
is a neoplastic condition
is a non-inflammatory condition
only affects the duct of salivary glands
is a non-inflammatory condition
65
What nerves does the trigeminal nerve possess ?
Sensory nerve & special visceral EFFERENT fibers
66
Does trigeminal nerve have sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves ?
NO
67
Which of the following best describes the process of the detection of painful stimuli?
Pain is both a sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Specialised receptors known as nociceptors detect noxious stimuli and transmit this information to the Chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal where the second order neurons project contralaterally to the VPM thalamic nucleus and then onto the somatosensory cortices.
Specialised receptors known as nociceptors detect noxious stimuli in the orofacial region and transmit this information to the spinal trigeminal nucleus where the second order neurons project contralaterally to the VPM thalamic nucleus and then onto the somatosensory cortices.
The Chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve receives information about tactile, proprioceptive and painful stimuli from the orofacial region
Low threshold mechanoreceptors found in the orofacial region transmit noxious stimuli via the trigeminal nerve to the spinal trigeminal nucleus where second order neurons project contralaterally to the VPM thalamic nucleus and then onto the somatosensory cortices.
Specialised receptors known as nociceptors detect noxious stimuli in the orofacial region and transmit this information to the spinal trigeminal nucleus where the second order neurons project contralaterally to the VPM thalamic nucleus and then onto the somatosensory cortices.
68
The spinal trigeminal nucleus processes:
motor neurons that innervate the tongue
pain and temperature information from the ipsilateral face
discriminatory touch information from the ipsilateral face
proprioceptive information from the jaw
pain and temperature information from contralateral face
pain and temperature information from the ipsilateral face
69
Which histo zone of dentine pulp is not present during dvlpment
Cell free zone of weil
70
Which of the following cranial nerves posses all three of motor, general sensation and parasympathetic functions?
Trigeminal nerve
Abdabducens nerve
Optic nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
71
What type of neurons are responsible for a dull aching pain?
Unmyelinated neurons with soma in the dorsal root ganglia
Pyramidal neurons
Myelinated neurons with soma in the dorsal root ganglia
Unmyelinated neurons with soma in the trigeminal ganglia
Myelinated neurons with soma in the trigeminal ganglia
Unmyelinated neurons with soma in the trigeminal ganglia
72
Nerves that enter the pulp via apical foramen are______________
sensory & sympathetic
73
Odontoblastic process within__________,extend into___________
dentinal tubules, dentine
74
Each dentinal tubule contains which 3 things ?
1 odontoblastic process, dentinal fluid,
AFFERENT nerve terminals
75
____________regulates paracellular transport between dentine & pulp
junctional complex
76
Cell Free zone of weil contains ?
a few cells, network of capillaries, extensive axon nerve fibers, subodontoblastix plexus of raschkow
77
Most nerve bundles terminate @_____________as free, unmyelinated nerve endings
Cell free zone of weil
78
What is the major cell type in cell rich zone ?
Fibroblast & undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
79
cells in________zone is considered a potential source of new odontoblast-like cells after injury
cell rich zone
80
______comprise the majority of pulp's volume
pulp core
81
Pulp core contains which cell types
fibroblast (main type), undiff. mesenchymal cells, immune cells, odontoclast
82
_____________is involved in resorbing dentine in roots of primary teeth before shredding
Odontoclast in PULP CORE
83
_______bodies is hyaline structure found in epithelium of odontogenic cyst
Rushton's
84
What is the difference between oedema & exudate ?
exudate is oedema fluid w/ high protein content
85
What is the 3 steps of acute inflammation in order ?
1. dilation of small vessels (inc. blood flow) > 2. inc. microvasculature permeability > 3. emigration of leukocytes into extravascular tissue
86
(Neutrophils/Monocytes) are recruited first after oedema formation ?
Neutrophils
87
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by_______on_______
by blood on wall of vessels
88
89
What are the 3 types of plasma protein found in exudate
Antibody, Complement System components, Fibrin System components
90
Vasodilation is induced by______________
histamine on vascular smooth muscle
91
Neutrophils are produced in___________
bone marrow
92
Macrophage is more implicated in (acute/chronic) inflammation
chronic
93
Neutrophils phagocytose & kill bacteria utilizing_______-dependent killing mechanisms
oxygen (rely on ROS)
94
Acute Phase Proteins are proteins that change their serum conc. by >_______% in response to__________
25, inflammatory cytokines
95
Which 2 prostalglandins can inc. sensitivity of pain receptors ?
PGE2, PGI2
96
Abscess is caused by_____________
necrosis followed by healing
97
________cell secretes cerebrospinal fluid ?
ependymal
98
Bipolar neurons has_____axon &_____dendrite
single, single
99
Multipolar neurons has_______axon &_______dendrite
single, two or more
100
Which branch of trigeminal nerve contain motor fibers to muscles of mastication ?
CN V3 (mand.)
101
Cell body is the main part of neuron that contains______________
the nucleus, organelle, cytoplasm. Found in both CNS & PNS
102
A ganglion is a____________
cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside of CNS
103
Mechanical nociceptors produce________pain, via___________fibers
sharp/pricking, A-delta
104
- Thermal nociceptors are activated at what temps.
- via__________fibers
- > 45 degree C or < 5 degree C
- A delta
105
Polymodal nociceptors produce________pain, via________fibers
Dull/aching, Non-myelinated C
106
- Nociception is___________
- Pain is____________
- transmission of elec. signal from peripheral nociceptor to CNS
- brain's abstraction & elaboration of nociceptive input
107
Where does first order and second order neuron synapse for spinal pathways
Dorsal horn (spinal cord)
108
where is the CELL BODY of first order neuron found in spinal pathways ?
Dorsal root ganglion
109
Where does first order and second order neuron synapse for orofacial pathways
spinal trigeminal nucleus (Subnucleus Interpolaris)
110
where is the CELL BODY of first order neuron found in orofacial pathways ?
trigeminal (semilunar/Gasserian) ganglion
111
Medicines are regulated by____________in Australia
Therapeutics Goods Admin
112
What are the 2 factors for antagonists
Competitive, Non-competitive
113
What are the 4 factors for agonists
Potency, Affinity, Selectivity, Efficacy
114
What are the 4 common molecular drug targets in body ?
Receptors, Ion Channels, Carrier Molecules, Enzymes
115
The receptor undergoes__________change when drug binds
conformational
116
high affinity= drug binds more_________
TIGHTLY > longer drug effect
117
high potency= drug needs___________
LESS dose to archive same effect
118
high efficacy=__________
HIGHer maximum effect REGARDLESS of DOSE
119
Anatongist possess_____&_____ but LACK_________
Affinity & Selectivity but LACKS efficacy
120
Pharmacokinetics is what_______does to_______
body does to drug
121
Midazolam is metabolised by_______enzyme
CYP3A4
122
In the case of midazolam, younger people need (lower/higher) dose than older people to archive the same drug effect ?
higher (higher EC50)
123
Fibrin is deposited within tissues during the acute inflammatory response. From which of the following does fibrin originate?
Fibroblasts
Endothelial cells
Macrophages
Plasma precursor
Plasma precursor
