Module 6 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Neutrophils are____lived, Macrophages are____lived
A
short, long
2
Q
T/F, basophils are normally found in periphery tissues
A
F
3
Q
________are REQUIRED to activate Adaptive immunity
A
Antigen Presenting Cells
4
Q
which 2 types of antibodies are good at neutralization to prevent infection ?
A
Ig A & G
5
Q
Ig__is always found anchored to the membrane of B cell as the naive B cell receptor
A
D
6
Q
Ig___is one of the first antibody secreted by B cell, which is a good indicator of early infection ?
A
M
7
Q
What is the most abundant Ig in serum conc. ?
A
Ig G
8
Q
Ig___opsonize (coat) the surface of particles/pathogens ?
A
G
9
Q
Ig__is important for mucosal immunity ?
A
A
10
Q
Ig__is a dimer
A
A
11
Q
_________instructs B cells to switch to produce a different kind of antibody when needed ?
A
Helper T cell
12
Q
Only______has the ability to activate naive t cell which in turns activate adaptive immunity ?
A
Dendritic cell (PROFESSIONAL Antigen Presenting Cell)
13
Q
T/F, only B cells undergo clonal expansion ?
A
F, both B & T cells do
14
Q
Wolff’s law states that bone will____________
A
change and remodel in response to mechanical loads over time.
15
Q
Which 3 cytokines activate osteoclast ?
A
IL1, TNF a, RANKL protein
16
Q
______controls activity of RANKL
A
OPG
17
Q
Immune sys. cells originate in__________
A
bone marrow
18
Q
Primary lymphoid organs include which 2 ?
A
Bone marrow, Thymus
19
Q
Secondary lymphoid organs include which 3 ?
A
Spleed, lymph node & other associated lymphoid tissues
20
Q
Central sites of immune sys. includes ?
A
Primary & secondary lymphoid organs
21
Q
Common lymphoid progenitor cell give rise to which cells ?
A
Adaptive immune cells = Lymphocyte (B, T cells)
22
Q
Is neutrophil a phagocyte ?
A
Yes
23
Q
List 3 tissue resident immune cell commonly found in diff parts of body
A
Mast cell, Macrophage, Dendritic cell
24
Q
Which 3 things will happen after Tissue Resident Cells inducing exp. of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells lining blood vessels
A
- Attract neutrophils to perform phagocytosis
- Secrete more inflammatory cytokines
- extend web-like extracellular traps for bacteria
25
Epithelial, endothelial & resident immune cells express______________to allow them to sense danger
receptors on cell surface
26
antigen means__________
antibody generator
27
In cell mediated immunity:
- Helper T cells________________
- help phagocytes to destroy pathogens & help cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells
28
In gingiva, resident LEUKOCYTES are mainly____________
T cells, some B cells, Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC)
29
Bacterialcidal (kill/ inhibit growth) ?
kill
30
Benzylpenicillin has a (narrow / moderate / broad) range of action or specturm ?
narrow
31
phenoxymethylpenicillin has a (narrow / moderate / broad) range of action or specturm ?
narrow
32
amoxicillin has a (narrow / moderate / broad) range of action or specturm ?
moderate
33
ampicillin has a (narrow / moderate / broad) range of action or specturm ?
moderate
34
amoxicillin + clavulanate has a (narrow / moderate / broad) range of action or specturm ?
broad
35
Beta Lactams are effective against__________specie
Gram + cocci
36
Nitroimadazoles (metronidazole) are effective against__________specie
ONLY strict anaerobes
37
Macrolides are effective against__________specie
Gram + cocci
38
Glycopeptides are effective against__________specie
Gram + cocci
39
Clindamycin has similar spectrum to_________
penicillin
40
The scientific rationale of prophylaxis is to_____________
eliminate or reduce transient bacteraemia caused by invasive dental procedures
41
Post-op antibiotics are required if a patient is under which 3 circumstances ?
1. immunocompromised
2. past history of infection
3. has systemic features (pallor, sweating, tachycardia, axillary temp > 38C)
42
Which antibiotics or combination should be used for necrotizing periodontal disease ?
Metronidazole
43
Which antibiotics or combination should be used spreading odontogenic infection w/out severe or systemic involvment ?
1. Metronidazole + Pen v
2. Metronidazole + Amoxicillin
3. Amoxicillin + Clavulante
4. Clindamycin
44
Which antibiotics should be used for prophylaxis w/ delayed non severe hypersensitivity ?
Cefelexin
45
Which antibiotics should be used for prophylaxis w/ immediate hypersensitivity ?
Clindamycin
46
Can amoxicillin be used for prophylaxis ?
Yes
47
Osteoid is secreted by__________
Osteoblast
48
Hyperthyroidism can cause excessive bone (resorption/formation)
resorption
49
How does fxntional stress contribute to cyst expansion ?
Fxntional stress results in compression of the soft tissue capsules of bony cyst > RESORPTION > expansion
50
(Fxntional stress/Fxntional strain) can lead to bone formation & cortication ?
Fxntional strain
51
Cementum is_______% mineral
45-50
52
- Does cementim contain blood vessels ?
- Does cementum contain nerves ?
- No
- No
53
Cementum is (thinner/thicker) towards the crown & (thinner/thicker) towards the apex ?
Thinner, Thicker
54
What are the 2 fxns of cementum ?
Protects the dentine & provide attachment for the PDL fibers
55
Does cementum normally remodel ?
No
56
- Cellular cementum is located in________
- Can it repair or regenerate
- apical 1/3 of root
- minor reparative fxn but CANNOT regenerate
57
Cementocytes form from________________
trapped cementoblast
58
Does it contain blood vessels & nerves ?
YES, lymphatics as well
59
compact (rigid) bone is found on (inner/outer) of alveolar bone ?
Outer
60
Haversian canal contains______________
Blood vessel & nerve
61
Horizontal connecting channels in bone is called ?
Volkmann's channel
62
Periosteum is dense______________
irregular connective tissue covering outside of bone
63
Which cell lay down new bone matrix ?
Osteoblast
64
Osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate into all kinds of bone cells except__________
Osteoclast
65
The endosteum is made up of very thin layer of________
Osteoprogenitor cells
66
In alveolar bone, Osteoprogenitor cells are found in__________
Periosteum & Endosteum
67
Osteoclast form channels called_________
Howship's lacunae
68
Osteoclast secretes________________to degrade bone matrix. Then __________the remnants
acid & enzymes. phagocytose
69
- PDL ligaments are made of collagen type____________
__________of PDL ligaments are called sharpey's fibers ?
- Mostly 1 & some 3
- Inserted ends
70
Blood vessels of PDL ligament provide nutrients to_____________
PDL itself, cementum & alveolar bone
71
Which 5 cell types are found inside PDL ligament ?
1. Fibroblast (main)
2. Epithelial cells
3. Mesenchymal cells
4. Immune cells
5. Bone & cementum cells
72
What cells are involved in the basic multicellular unit BMU?
Smooth and skeletal muscle cells
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Red and white blood cells
Neurons and glial cells
Fibroblasts and chondrocytes
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
73
What is bone modelling?
The process by which bone is healed after a fracture
The process by which bone is resorbed during aging
The process by which old bone is replaced by new bone
The process by which bone is shaped mainly during development and growth
The process by which bone is strengthened through exercise
The process by which bone is shaped mainly during development and growth
74
Which of the following contain canaliculi ?
- Dentine
- Cementum
- PDL ligament
- Cementum & Alveolar bone
- Alveolar bone
Cementum & Alveolar bone
75
(M1/M2) macrophage promote inflammation ?
M1
76
What make up perioDONTIUM?
Cementum, Alveolar bone, PDL ligament, Gingiva
77
Periosteum is sprting tissue that___________________
Surrounds and attach to teeth
78
Trabeculae of spongy bone also contains lamellae, it is organised__________________
Parallel to the surface
79
Haversian sys. are found in (compact/spongy) bone ?
Compact only
80
Alveolar bone is connected to__________of mandible & maxilla ?
Basal bone
81
Spongy bone is made up of network of_________
Trabeculae w/ bone marrow space
82
______________is the structural unit of compact bone ?
Haversian sys.
83
Central canal contains______________, it is found__________________
blood vessel & nerve, in the center of haversian system (osteons) of compact bone
84
Remnants of old osteon is called
Interstital lamellae
85
Each haversian sys. (osteon) is surrounded by a layer called___________
Cement line (highly mineralized but lack collagen)
86
Osteoblast is found in bone_________
surface
87
Which bone cell is large & multinucleated ?
Osteoclast
88
- What T cells are known as regulatory T cells ?
- Why are they called regulatory T cells ?
- Helper T cells
- SOME helper T cells regulate/SUPPRESS immune response rather than activate
89
_______T cells play a crucial role in viral infections & anti-tumor immunity ?
Cytotoxic
90
T/F, cytokines & blood proteins are part of innate immunity ?
T
91
Tissue resident cells promote____________
inflammation
92
- _____________stimulate the expression of E & P selectins on endothelial cells
- Circulating phagocytes express__________that bind to E & P selectins > causes cells to roll along the endothelium
- TNF & IL1
- Surface Carbohydrates
93
- At site of infection, ___________secrete chemokines to attract the migration of more leukocytes to the site
- How does chemokine direct the migration of leukocytes
- resident cells
- Chemokines stimulate RAPID inc. in the affinity of leukocytes' integrins for their ligands on endothelial > rolling & migration
94
Is Neutrophil a tissue resident cell ?
NO
95
List 2 Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)
Macrophage, dendritic cells (PROFESSIONAL APC)
96
Binding of PAMPs to Pattern Recognition Receptors trigger which 2 things
Phagocytosis & Pdtion of soluble mediators
97
TLRs can also be found in_________besides cell surface
endosomes
98
In phagocytosis, after a microbe is internalized in a vesicle bound vesicle, a phagosome is formed. The phagosome then later fuse w/_______to form_________
lysosomes, phagolysosome
99
What immune cells are play a big role in parasitic infection
Eosinophils
100
In phagolysosome, which 2 substances are released to kill___________
ROS & NO(Nitrous Oxide)
101
Which 4 immune cells are granulocytes
Mast cell, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
102
________is the least commonly found leukocyte contributing only 1% blood leukocytes
Basophils
103
T/F, many of the INNATE immune cells also play an important role in sprting the dvlpment of adaptive immune sys.
T
104
- Group 1 ILC fxn:_______
- Group 2 ILC fxn:_______
- Group 3 ILC fxn:_______
- Defense against virus
- Promote allergic inflammation
- Mucosal barrier fxn
105
Innate Lymphoid Cells are "________"-like cells that live in_________tissues & produce______, performing fxns SIMILAR to____cells
Lymphocytes, Epithelial, Cytokines, T
106
NK cells respond in which 2 ways when recognizing infected cells
Kill the cell via cytotoxicity (NOT a phagocyte), secrete IFN-gamma
107
NK cell belongs to (innate/adaptive) immunity & a subset of group____ILC
innate, 1
108
- __________pathway of complement sys. is activated by microbes in the ABSENCE of antibody. This also lead to (innate/adaptive) response
- Alternative, innate
109
__________pathway of complement sys. is activated by antibody attached to microbe. This also lead to (innate/adaptive) response
- Classical, adaptive
110
- C3a lead to_________
- C3b lead to_________
- C5a lead to_________
- Inflammation
- Opsonization & phagocytosis
- Inflammation
111
C____is the most abundant compliment in blood
C3
112
C___plays a key role in the terminal (late) stage of the complement cascade by initiating the formation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
5b
113
Captured proteins by APC are broken down into_________before being loaded into MHC to be presented to T cells to see
peptides
114
What cells have Pattern Recognition Receptors ?
"All" innate immune cells
115
________determines the isotype & fxn of antibody
Constant Region
116
Variable region is found on the (light/heavy) chain of antibody
light
117
What are the 2 functions of antibody in adaptive immune response ?
Neutralization & Opsonization
118
In what 3 possible ways does Neutralization protect the body from pathogens
By BLOCKING pathogens from penetrating epithelial barrier/infecting the cell/binding to cellular receptor
119
Ig_____plays a role in neonatal immunity & can be passed from placenta to fetus ?
IgG
120
Ig_______plays important role in defending against helminths & parasites
IgE
121
Ig________ is pentamer
IgM
122
Ig________is monomers
Ig G & E
123
Antigen-Antibody complex promote their phagocytosis by binding_________on phagocytes
Fc-gamma receptors
124
Plasma cells are_____________
B cells that produce Antibodies
125
Ig___is anti-viral
G
126
- T/F, activation of CD8 T cell requires help from CD4 helper cell
- T/F, Helper T cells help macrophage perform their fxns
- T
- T
127
Tooth sockets are formed by__________
Alveolar bone
128
List 4 fxns of alveolar bone
1. Anchorage of teeth via PDL
2. Protection of roots + blood vessels + nerves
3. Mineral reservoir
4. Sensory fxn
129
Periosteum is anchored to alveolar bone surface via__________
Sharpey's fibers
130
PDL ligemants
131
Gingival ligaments
132
________is the most numerous group of gingival ligamant
Dentogingival
133
Transseptal ligament connects_________to________. It is a (PDL/gingival) ligament
cementum of tooth to adjacent tooth. Gingival
134
- (Attached gingiva/alveolar mucosa/free gingiva) contains minor salivary glands
- (Attached gingiva/alveolar mucosa/free gingiva) is softer & flexible, allows for mvmt
- (Attached gingiva/alveolar mucosa/free gingiva) is keratinized
- Alveolar mucosa
- Alveolar mucosa
- Attached gingiva
135
Why are deficiencies in complement protein C3 often associated with severe opportunistic infections?
Because C3 is the most abundant complement protein in blood
Because C3 is needed for alternative complement activation
Because conversion of C3 to C3b and C3a is a feature of all 3 pathways of complement activation
Deficiencies in complement protein C3 are not usually associated with severe opportunistic infections
Because C3 is needed for classical complement activation
Because conversion of C3 to C3b and C3a is a feature of all 3 pathways of complement activation
136
Which of the following traits does NOT confer an advantage in allowing a pathogenic bacterium to successfully infect a host and cause disease?
Peptidoglycans
Fimbriae
Capsule
Lipopolysaccharide
Proteases
Peptidoglycan (a structural component)
LPS found in gram -ve bacteria is a virulence factor because it can act as endotoxins
137
Osteocyte lacunae connects to each other and central via______________, it______________
Canaliculi, faciliates passage of substance to/from central canal
138
- Osteocyte has an average half life of_______years
- Death of osteocyte triggers__________
- 25
- Resorption
139
Osteoclast originate from_____________
Haematopoietic cell
140
The main fxn of Osteocyte (mature bone cell) is to_________
Maintain matrix
141
Osteocyte is found in________
Lacunae
142
Osteoprogenitor cells differentiated from_________
Mesenchymal stem cells
143
In alveolar bone, mature compact bone is organised into_________
Lamellae (circumferential lamellae) on the outside, haversian system on the inside (aka osteons)
144
Cementocyte cannaliculi is oriented towards__________
Vessels in PDL ligament (source of nutrients)
145
Alveolar bone is_____% mineral
67
146
Acellular or cellular cementum is formed first ?
Acellular
147
- Acellular cementum is located in_________.
- Its main fxn is to__________
- cervical 2/3 of root.
- Provide attachment for PDL fibers
148
In gingiva, ___________continuously transmigrate through junctional epithelium
Neutrophils
149
In humoral immunity, B cells_______________
secrete antiBODIES to elim. extracellular microbes
150
Mast cell perform antimicrobial fxn by which 2 ways ?
1. Degranulating their contents of cytoplast which includes histamine & other factors
2. Dilate blood vessels & inc. vascular permeability
151
What is the function of exocyte cells in immune sys.
Release important mediators from cytoplasm to extracellular space to eliminate pathogens
152
Common myeloid progenitor cells give rise to which 4 immune cells ?
Innate cells = Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte
