Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry > module 4 carbohydrates > Flashcards

module 4 carbohydrates Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how is the bulk of glucose made

A

through photosythesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the general structure for glucose; chemical

A

general: CnH2nOn
chemical: C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the additional terms used to define carbohydrates

A

sugar, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccaride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in general conversation what does sugar refer to

A

table sugar: sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the saccharide word derived from

A

greek word for sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define monosacchardie

A

single sugar: mono-meaning 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define oligosaccharides

A

short chain of simple sugars bonded together and similar to oligopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define polysaccharides

A

long chain of monosaccharies: 20 or more: some are branched while others are linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 4 main functions of carbohydrates

A

they are an energy source
as intermediates in metabolic pathways
Structure: glucose polymers make up cellulose which is basis for corn stalk; chitin which is skeleton for bugs
RNA/DNA structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which functional groups do monosaccharides have and what name indicates their group

A

either an aldehyde: aldose: deglyceralehyde

ketone: ketose: dihydroxyacetone- indicated by =O on 2nd carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many carbons to monosaccharides typically have in nature

A

3-8 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which are the smallest monosaccharides

A

trioses: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are fisher projection formulas

A

2D structures that represent 3D carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do fisher projections show

A

all carbon in the molecule or indicate interior carbon by intersection of bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do D and L indicate

A

D is right handed of molecule
L is left handed of molecule- cousin of right.
similar to human hands- same molecules but different arrangements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the -OH groups on the D and L of a molecule

A

pentiulate: 2nd to last carbon
for D: on right hand side
for L: on left hand side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the D and L stand for

A

D: dextrorotory
L: Levororatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is glucose known as dextrose

A

because the molecule is always in the D form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the molecule always in the D form in nature

A

specificity of enzymes that produce carbohydrates

specific active site is 3D and the one that produces glucose is in the form that outlines a D structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define epimers

A

monosaccharides that differ only in 1 position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

monosaccharides exist as

A

ring structures and straight chain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in a ring structure how many carbon atoms are present

A

5 or 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a furanose ring

A

a ring structure that has 4 carbons and 1 oxygen atom

furanose= furan for the ring and ose indicate sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a pyranose ring

A

a ring structure that has 5 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
define heterocyclic
a structure that has a molecule other than carbon in its structure
26
where does the oxygen component of the ring come from
comes from the oxygen atom that started as part of one of the alcohol groups this group reacts with another carbon in the same molecule and forms a ring
27
what is a haworth projection
structural model for drawing cyclical monosaccharides
28
what does hemiacetal mean
molecule that forms after the oxygen from carbon 5 and carbon-1 react and form a bond present when using glucose
29
where does the oxygen atom come from in terms of glucsoe
-OH group from carbon-5 react with carbon-1 electron on carbon-5 are attracted to carbon-1 they mix and a rearrangement of atoms as the -OH group on 5th carbon becomes C-O-C and the aldehyde on carbon-1 becomes an alcohol group
30
define anormeric carbon
reduced or reacted carbon ring structure
31
what is the only difference in the anormeric structures
position of the -OH group on the anormeric carbon
32
What are anomers
structural forms that differ only on the anormeric carbon
33
what are the 2 names for the anomers and where is the -OH for each of these molecules
alpha: -OH is in the down position beta: -OH is in the up position
34
describe drawing galactose haworth structure
start with galactose in its fisher structure next draw pyranose form with oxygen in upper right of the structure and CH2OH of carbon 6 in the up position for carbon 2,3,4 put the OH in the up position if it is on the L on the fisher projection and down if its on the right carbon 5 doesn't have O since its involved in the hemiacetal bond if drawing beta form put OH up and down for alpha
35
how can anomers convert from one to the other
through open chain molecules
36
what is the only structure found in polysaccharides
ring structure- no open molecules | due to the anomeric carbon that locks the structure in place
37
which reaction do 2 monosaccharides go through to form a glycosidic linkage and what is the new link called
condensation | o-glycosidic- highlights the oxygen in the bond
38
what is the most common bond for hexoses to make | how do scientists write this bond
carbon-1 of one molecule and carbon-4 of another | 1->4
39
how is the connection shown between 2 molecules in a o-glycosidic bond
curved arrows toward oxygen atom
40
when is it common to see the alpha 1->6 o-glycosidic linkage
when polysaccharides whose branches form the main chain
41
lactose is an example of a molecule that has what and how are they joined
2 different types: glucose and galactose; joined by beta 1->4 o-glycosidic
42
what does an oligosaccharide of glucose molecules connected by alpha 1->4 generally create
a chain of molecules
43
how many monosaccharides typically make up a polysaccharide
long chain of o-glycosidic | 1 thousand to 1 million
44
define homopolymer
single type of monosaccharide: example glucose
45
define heteropolymer
more than one type of monosaccharide- typically in a repeating fashion
46
glucose makes what 3 homopolysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
47
what is starch made up and which organism stores it
plants store it | made up of amylose and amylopectin
48
what is amylose
linear chain of glucose joined together in alpha 1->4 bonds- no breaking of the chain
49
what is a main chain
chain that has a few thousand to million glucose bonded together
50
describe amylopectin
long chain of glucose: has branches every 24-30 glucose on the main chain branches have residues connected by alpha 1->4; allows branches to form larger compounds
51
what is the reducing end of a molecule
undergoes chemical reactions easily as the carbon is not connected to another monosaccharide
52
what is non-reducing end
left side of amylose- has o-glycosidic molecule and this limits the ability to react with other monosaccharides
53
what is glycogen
carbohydrate storage but in animals long chain of glucose connected by alpha 1->4 but it does form branches alpha 1>6 every 8-12 molecules more branching allows for more extensive storage
54
where is glycogen found in humans
liver and muscle | liver helps maintain glucose levels in the body
55
which polysaccharide is the basis for plant structures such as corn stalks and cotton
cellulose
56
describe cellulose structure
long chain of glucose with no branching | it is beta 1->4 instead of alpha
57
why can't humans and most animals break down cellulose
we don't have the enzyme to degrade cellulose
58
what does chitin form
hard skeleton of beetles and other insects
59
what is the structure of chitin
similar to amylose: beta 1-4 bonds
60
how is the chain for chitin different from cellulose
chitin has a derivitive of glucose in its chain and to each glucose molecule an a -NH–CO-CH3 has been added to carbon-2 this allows for the sheet formation in the exoskeleton
61
What is the H-bond
hydrogen bonds are critical and non-covalent due to the number of -OH on each glucose molecule
62
what is the result of many hydrogen bonds
a massive structure typically seen in homopolysaccharides formed from many intramolecular bonds
63
Which carbon in erythrose would tell you if the monosaccharide is D or L? Give the carbon’s number in your answer.
carbon 3 which is the pentilmulate carbon
64
Glucose and mannose are epimers. Name another epimer of glucose besides mannose.
galactose
65
Does the compound C7H14O8 fit the formal definition of a carbohydrate? Explain.
no. there is an additional oxygen and the general sequence should be CnH2nOn
66
When is the LaTeX: \alphaα 1LaTeX: \rightarrow→6 connection typically found in carbohydrates?
in polysaccharides where branching occurs
67
What are the similarities and differences between amylose and amylopectin? Explain in at least three complete sentences.
similarities: they are both part of starch, both are homopolysaccharides of glucose and both have alpha 1->4 connections between glucose differences: amylopectin has branching with alpha 1->6 branches, is bigger than amylose and amylose does not have branching
68
How is chitin different from cellulose?
Chitin has glucose with derivitives attached. -NH-CO-CH3
69
where are alpha 1->6 bonds found in carbohydrates
where glycogen and amylopectin branch
70
In what ways are amylose and a protein alike?
they both can form alpha helices

Biochemistry (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions