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Biochemistry > module 4 carbohydrates > Flashcards

module 4 carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

how is the bulk of glucose made

A

through photosythesis

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2
Q

what is the general structure for glucose; chemical

A

general: CnH2nOn
chemical: C6H12O6

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3
Q

what are the additional terms used to define carbohydrates

A

sugar, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccaride

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4
Q

in general conversation what does sugar refer to

A

table sugar: sucrose

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5
Q

what is the saccharide word derived from

A

greek word for sugar

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6
Q

define monosacchardie

A

single sugar: mono-meaning 1

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7
Q

define oligosaccharides

A

short chain of simple sugars bonded together and similar to oligopeptides

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8
Q

define polysaccharides

A

long chain of monosaccharies: 20 or more: some are branched while others are linear

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9
Q

what are the 4 main functions of carbohydrates

A

they are an energy source
as intermediates in metabolic pathways
Structure: glucose polymers make up cellulose which is basis for corn stalk; chitin which is skeleton for bugs
RNA/DNA structure

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10
Q

which functional groups do monosaccharides have and what name indicates their group

A

either an aldehyde: aldose: deglyceralehyde

ketone: ketose: dihydroxyacetone- indicated by =O on 2nd carbon

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11
Q

how many carbons to monosaccharides typically have in nature

A

3-8 carbons

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12
Q

which are the smallest monosaccharides

A

trioses: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

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13
Q

what are fisher projection formulas

A

2D structures that represent 3D carbohydrates

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14
Q

what do fisher projections show

A

all carbon in the molecule or indicate interior carbon by intersection of bonds

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15
Q

What do D and L indicate

A

D is right handed of molecule
L is left handed of molecule- cousin of right.
similar to human hands- same molecules but different arrangements

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16
Q

Where are the -OH groups on the D and L of a molecule

A

pentiulate: 2nd to last carbon
for D: on right hand side
for L: on left hand side

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17
Q

What do the D and L stand for

A

D: dextrorotory
L: Levororatory

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18
Q

why is glucose known as dextrose

A

because the molecule is always in the D form

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19
Q

Why is the molecule always in the D form in nature

A

specificity of enzymes that produce carbohydrates

specific active site is 3D and the one that produces glucose is in the form that outlines a D structure

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20
Q

define epimers

A

monosaccharides that differ only in 1 position

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21
Q

monosaccharides exist as

A

ring structures and straight chain structures

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22
Q

in a ring structure how many carbon atoms are present

A

5 or 6

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23
Q

what is a furanose ring

A

a ring structure that has 4 carbons and 1 oxygen atom

furanose= furan for the ring and ose indicate sugar

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24
Q

what is a pyranose ring

A

a ring structure that has 5 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom

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25
Q

define heterocyclic

A

a structure that has a molecule other than carbon in its structure

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26
Q

where does the oxygen component of the ring come from

A

comes from the oxygen atom that started as part of one of the alcohol groups
this group reacts with another carbon in the same molecule and forms a ring

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27
Q

what is a haworth projection

A

structural model for drawing cyclical monosaccharides

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28
Q

what does hemiacetal mean

A

molecule that forms after the oxygen from carbon 5 and carbon-1 react and form a bond
present when using glucose

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29
Q

where does the oxygen atom come from in terms of glucsoe

A

-OH group from carbon-5 react with carbon-1
electron on carbon-5 are attracted to carbon-1
they mix and a rearrangement of atoms as the -OH group on 5th carbon becomes C-O-C and the aldehyde on carbon-1 becomes an alcohol group

30
Q

define anormeric carbon

A

reduced or reacted carbon ring structure

31
Q

what is the only difference in the anormeric structures

A

position of the -OH group on the anormeric carbon

32
Q

What are anomers

A

structural forms that differ only on the anormeric carbon

33
Q

what are the 2 names for the anomers and where is the -OH for each of these molecules

A

alpha: -OH is in the down position
beta: -OH is in the up position

34
Q

describe drawing galactose haworth structure

A

start with galactose in its fisher structure
next draw pyranose form with oxygen in upper right of the structure and CH2OH of carbon 6 in the up position
for carbon 2,3,4 put the OH in the up position if it is on the L on the fisher projection and down if its on the right
carbon 5 doesn’t have O since its involved in the hemiacetal bond
if drawing beta form put OH up and down for alpha

35
Q

how can anomers convert from one to the other

A

through open chain molecules

36
Q

what is the only structure found in polysaccharides

A

ring structure- no open molecules

due to the anomeric carbon that locks the structure in place

37
Q

which reaction do 2 monosaccharides go through to form a glycosidic linkage and what is the new link called

A

condensation

o-glycosidic- highlights the oxygen in the bond

38
Q

what is the most common bond for hexoses to make

how do scientists write this bond

A

carbon-1 of one molecule and carbon-4 of another

1->4

39
Q

how is the connection shown between 2 molecules in a o-glycosidic bond

A

curved arrows toward oxygen atom

40
Q

when is it common to see the alpha 1->6 o-glycosidic linkage

A

when polysaccharides whose branches form the main chain

41
Q

lactose is an example of a molecule that has what and how are they joined

A

2 different types: glucose and galactose; joined by beta 1->4 o-glycosidic

42
Q

what does an oligosaccharide of glucose molecules connected by alpha 1->4 generally create

A

a chain of molecules

43
Q

how many monosaccharides typically make up a polysaccharide

A

long chain of o-glycosidic

1 thousand to 1 million

44
Q

define homopolymer

A

single type of monosaccharide: example glucose

45
Q

define heteropolymer

A

more than one type of monosaccharide- typically in a repeating fashion

46
Q

glucose makes what 3 homopolysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

47
Q

what is starch made up and which organism stores it

A

plants store it

made up of amylose and amylopectin

48
Q

what is amylose

A

linear chain of glucose joined together in alpha 1->4 bonds- no breaking of the chain

49
Q

what is a main chain

A

chain that has a few thousand to million glucose bonded together

50
Q

describe amylopectin

A

long chain of glucose: has branches every 24-30 glucose on the main chain
branches have residues connected by alpha 1->4; allows branches to form larger compounds

51
Q

what is the reducing end of a molecule

A

undergoes chemical reactions easily as the carbon is not connected to another monosaccharide

52
Q

what is non-reducing end

A

left side of amylose- has o-glycosidic molecule and this limits the ability to react with other monosaccharides

53
Q

what is glycogen

A

carbohydrate storage but in animals
long chain of glucose connected by alpha 1->4
but it does form branches alpha 1>6 every 8-12 molecules
more branching allows for more extensive storage

54
Q

where is glycogen found in humans

A

liver and muscle

liver helps maintain glucose levels in the body

55
Q

which polysaccharide is the basis for plant structures such as corn stalks and cotton

A

cellulose

56
Q

describe cellulose structure

A

long chain of glucose with no branching

it is beta 1->4 instead of alpha

57
Q

why can’t humans and most animals break down cellulose

A

we don’t have the enzyme to degrade cellulose

58
Q

what does chitin form

A

hard skeleton of beetles and other insects

59
Q

what is the structure of chitin

A

similar to amylose: beta 1-4 bonds

60
Q

how is the chain for chitin different from cellulose

A

chitin has a derivitive of glucose in its chain and to each glucose molecule an a -NH–CO-CH3 has been added to carbon-2
this allows for the sheet formation in the exoskeleton

61
Q

What is the H-bond

A

hydrogen bonds are critical and non-covalent due to the number of -OH on each glucose molecule

62
Q

what is the result of many hydrogen bonds

A

a massive structure
typically seen in homopolysaccharides
formed from many intramolecular bonds

63
Q

Which carbon in erythrose would tell you if the monosaccharide is D or L? Give the carbon’s number in your answer.

A

carbon 3 which is the pentilmulate carbon

64
Q

Glucose and mannose are epimers. Name another epimer of glucose besides mannose.

A

galactose

65
Q

Does the compound C7H14O8 fit the formal definition of a carbohydrate? Explain.

A

no. there is an additional oxygen and the general sequence should be CnH2nOn

66
Q

When is the LaTeX: \alphaα 1LaTeX: \rightarrow→6 connection typically found in carbohydrates?

A

in polysaccharides where branching occurs

67
Q

What are the similarities and differences between amylose and amylopectin? Explain in at least three complete sentences.

A

similarities: they are both part of starch, both are homopolysaccharides of glucose and both have alpha 1->4 connections between glucose
differences: amylopectin has branching with alpha 1->6 branches, is bigger than amylose and amylose does not have branching

68
Q

How is chitin different from cellulose?

A

Chitin has glucose with derivitives attached. -NH-CO-CH3

69
Q

where are alpha 1->6 bonds found in carbohydrates

A

where glycogen and amylopectin branch

70
Q

In what ways are amylose and a protein alike?

A

they both can form alpha helices

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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