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Biochemistry > module 5 lipids > Flashcards

module 5 lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of a lipid

A

organic molecule that dissolves in a non-polar solvent

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2
Q

what is the example shown in video

A

coconut oil mixed in hexane- dissolved

water with dye did not dissolve in hexane

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3
Q

what is unique about carotenoid molecules

A

they have vibrant colors

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4
Q

what are some examples of carotenoids in nature

A

red color of cardinals

yellow of the finch

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5
Q

where does the yellow color of the finch come from

A

zeaxanthin

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6
Q

where is zeaxanthin come from

A

bacterium: Pedobacter heparinus

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7
Q

what is the function of the Pedobacter Heparinus

A

expresses yellow color of zeaxanthin when exposed to sunlight which suggests the protection from UV rays is by using zeaxanthin

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8
Q

what are the five types of lipids discussed in the module

A 
fatty acids
triaglycerols
phosphoglycerides
sphingophospholipids
isoprenoid compounds
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9
Q

what does a fatty acid consist of

A

long chain of carbons with carboxylic acid on one end

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10
Q

how long is a typical fatty acid

A

8-30 carbon

usually even numbered and typically 12-24 carbon

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11
Q

what does saturated mean when discussing fatty acids

A

saturated with hydrogen and no double bonds

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12
Q

what is simplified notation system and what does 12:0 notate

A

an easy way to notate carbons and bonds

12:0 notates 12 carbons and 0 double bonds

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13
Q

what does unsaturated mean

A

there are 1 or more double bonds

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14
Q

where is a typical bond found in an unsaturated fatty acid

A

carbon 9-10 and 12

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15
Q

how is an unsaturated fatty acid notated in simplified notation

A

same as saturated just add delta and number of bonds with superscript where to find the bond
ex: 12:2 delta 9

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16
Q

What is PUFA

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid- indicating 2 or more double bond present in single chain

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17
Q

what is the name of the numbering system used for PUFA

A

omega

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18
Q

what is important regarding numbering using omega

A

start at end of the chain rather than at the carbon( beginning)

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19
Q

where is the double bond frequently found in PUFA regardless of length of chain

A

3 or 6 from the end of the chain

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20
Q

PUFA require (fill in) because they (fill in)

A

less energy to digest, contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds to break

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21
Q

what are PUFA known as nutritionally

A

good fats

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22
Q

what do triacylglycerols do

A

store energy

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23
Q

why do they store energy

A

because they are long dense chains of carbon and hydrogen in form of fatty acid chain

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24
Q

what is a function of triacylglcerols

A

provide insulation by trapping heat

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25
Q

what serves as the backbone for triacylglycerols

A

glycerol

26
Q

what is glycerol attached to in triacylglycerols

A

3 fatty acids via acetyl linkage (-O-CO-)

27
Q

describe a triacylglycerol that is found in nature

A

3 fatty acid molecules of different lengths and may contain double bonds or no double bonds- all attached to glycerol

28
Q

what determines the physical components of a tricylglycerol molecule

A

number and type of fatty acids

29
Q

what will cause a triacylglcerol to be more oily

A

one or more unsaturated chains due to bonds kinking and not packing well with other molecules

30
Q

what will cause a solid in a triacylglcerol

A

all fatty acids pack together as they are saturated and there will not be any kinking

31
Q

what is it called when a lipid is liquid at room temp (25 degrees Cel)

A

oil

32
Q

what is it called when a lipid is solid at room temp (25 degrees cel)

A

solid

33
Q

describe the structure of a phosphoglyceride

A

glycerol is backbone with 2 fatty acids attached on 1rst and 2nd carbon and polar group attached to 3rd carbon- choline, serine and others

34
Q

in a phosphoglyceride what is considered the head and what is the tail

A

the polar group is considered the head- can interact with water
the long carbon chain is the tail: non-polar and extended

35
Q

what does the phosphoglyceride molecule allow for

A

spontaneous form membrane bilayers with tails coming together( form interior) and heads sticking out

36
Q

what is the main difference in structure between a phosphoglyceride and a sphinogolipid
How are these 2 types of lipids similar

A

backbone is ceramide

both have 2 fatty acid on chain and 1 polar head group

37
Q

what is the notation seen distinguishing amide from glycerol and determines type of lipid

A

HN- amide on 2nd carbon instead of OH for glycerol

38
Q

What are sphingomyelins, what is the function, how are they described

A 
subclass of sphingolipid
form cell membrane but specifically seen in myelin sheath of some neurons
polar head with a neutral charge
39
Q

what is another important function of sphingolipids

A

they assist in determine blood type

40
Q

how do sphingolipids assist in determine blood type

A

polar head is an oligosaccharide that points out and communicates with other cells
Blood types O, A, B have different oligosaccharides attached at the head

41
Q

how many different functions do sphingolipids have in the cellular membrane

A

more than 60 identified each with specific functions

42
Q

what is isoprene

A

a 5 carbon molecule that is the starting material for many lipids

43
Q

what are some examples of materials that formsfrom isoprene

A

vitamins( A and K), cholesterol, cartenoids- yellow dye

44
Q

what is involved in the preparation of isoprenoid compounds

A

a 10 step enzymatic process with the isoprene being used to make the carbons including the rings

45
Q

where in the human body is zeaxanthin found

A

human eye- protecting from UV

46
Q

what is vitamin K and what is the function in the body

A

fat-soluable essential for blood coagulation,

becomes part of protein thrombin which is used form blood clots

47
Q

Where does the K in vitamin k come from

A

danish word for Koagulation

48
Q

what is the important role of cholesterol in the human body

A

helps maintain fluidity of cell bilayer which is necessary for survival

49
Q

what is another name for cholesterol and what denotes their structure

A

sterols

4 rings fused together

50
Q

How is the definition of lipid different from protein and carbohydrate?

A

The lipid definition is based on the functional definition of being soluble in a non-polar solvent. Proteins and carbohydrates are based on the structure.

51
Q

What are three functions of lipids?

A

Any three of: energy, storage, vitamin, protection, and insulation

52
Q

How does the omega numbering system differ from the simplified notation?

A

The simplified notation starts number at the carboxylic acid, while the omega system starts at the opposite end – from the -CH3.

53
Q

What does unsaturated mean for a fatty acid?

A

Unsaturated indicates that one or more double bonds are present.

54
Q

What is the difference between a fat and oil?

A

An oil is a lipid that is a liquid at room temperature, while fat is a solid at room temperature.

55
Q

How are phosphoglycerides similar to triacylglycerols? How they different?

A

Both classes of lipid have glycerol as a backbone structure. Both have fatty acids attached to the glycerol. The difference is that phosphoglycerides have two fatty acids attached to the glycerol and, as the name implies, triacylglycerols have three fatty acids. Phosphoglyceride has a polar head group attached.

56
Q

What is the primary function of phosphoglycerides mentioned in this module?

A

forming membrane bilayers

57
Q

Describe at least two functions of sphingolipids.

A

They serve as blood group determinants, the structure of membrane bilayers, and in the myelin sheath of neurons.

58
Q

What is the main difference between phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids?

A

Sphingolipids have a ceramide backbone structure, whereas the phosphoglycerides have a glycerol structure.

59
Q

How many carbons and double bonds are in an isoprene unit?

A

5 carbons and one double bond

60
Q

What are two functions of isoprenoid compounds

A

Vitamin production, cholesterol production, and pigment formation

61
Q

Name three components of a cellular membrane.

A

phosphoglycerides, cholesterol, sphingolipids, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins

62
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

a membrane protein firmly attached to the membrane

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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