Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry > module 6 nucleic acids > Flashcards

module 6 nucleic acids Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 2 most common nucleic acids

A

DNA: deoxyribnucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does DNA store

A

store and transmit genetic information to determine amino acid sequence of the primary protein structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the primary function of RNA

A

make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 types of RNA

A

messenger, transport, ribosomal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does RNA exist in the cell

A

multiple places including nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of structures are RNA and DNA and what are they built from

A

polymer and macromolecule

built from nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is needed to make a nucleotide

A

a base, a monosaccharide sugar, and phosphoric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 bases found in DNA and RNA

A

purine and pyridine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which are the purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which are the pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why are the bases considered to be hetercylic

A

there is nitrogen in the ring- an atom other than carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which pyrimidine is only found in DNA and which is only in RNA

A

DNA: thymine
RNA: Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the structure of thymine different compared to uracil

A

there is an extra methyl group on thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in general both DNA and RNA have ? purines and ? pyrimidines

A

2, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which sugar is in RNA

Which sugar is in DNA

A

RNA: D-ribose
DNA: 2-deoxy-D-ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between the sugars of DNA and RNA

A

there is an -H on carbon 2 of 2-deoxy-D-ribose verses and OH in D-ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does a nucleoside consist of

A

a base, purine or pyrimidine covalently bonded to either ribose or 2-deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where does bonding occur to form a nucleoside

A

carbon 1- the anomeric carbon- based off the N atom as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is an example of a formation of nucleoside

A

guanine + ribose= guanosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what reaction does guanine and ribose undergo to form guanosine

A

condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what forms the nucleotide

A

a nucleoside bonded with phosphoric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when do nucleic acids form

A

nucleotides polymerize into chains which form into DNA or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what forms the primary structure for DNA

RNA?

A

DNA:: covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers- form backbone: deoxyribose and phosphate alternate
RNA: ribose and phosphate form the backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are nucleotides written schematically

A

5’ to 3’- gives primary structure

left to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is an oligonucleotide
nucleotide chain less than 50 nucleotides
26
what is the secondary structure of nucleic acids
any stable structure used by some or all nucleotides
27
what is the tertiary structure of nucleic acids
massive and folding
28
How is the secondary structure of nucleic acids best described
As a double helix
29
who determined the double helix and who was key in understanding structures
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 | Erwin Chargaff
30
What are 3 main conclusions regarding nucleic acids
1. base genetic composition of DNA differs between species 2. DNA isolated from tissues or parts of the organism is the same 3. In DNA( A and T are equal, G and C are equal)
31
Describe the double helix structure
2 polynucleictide chains run in opposite direction- held by hydrogen bonds bonding between A and T and G and C
32
Show a strand written from 5'-3' and its complementary strand
5’-GCCTTAGCAAT-3’ | 3’-CGGAATCGTTA-5’
33
Which is the most common form of DNA
B-form
34
what are the other 2 forms of DNA
A and Z is different as it has a l-handed turn
35
what is the primary function of DNA no matter the form
to store genetic information that contains protein sequences
36
What is a gene
protein sequence stored in DNA
37
what is a codon
3 adjacent nucleotides that encodes an amino acid of a protein
38
in a gene how many nucleotides are needed to encode for a protein
150-2000
39
in a 100 amino acid protein- how many nucleotides needed to encode it
300 | codon is 3x
40
what are 3 types of RNA
messenger(mRNA) transfer(tRNA) ribosomal(rRNA)
41
What is the job of mRNA
carries genetic information stored in DNA to ribosomes
42
What is the structure of mRNA
single strand and contains information to create specific proteins and size is revelant to the protein
43
What does Adenine bond with to create a pair in RNA
Uracil
44
what happens to mRNA after protein is made
it is degraded
45
What is tRNA
transfer RNA used to transport amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis
46
How many nucleotides are in a tRNA chain
70-90- smaller than other RNA chains
47
How is tRNA bonded
each chain is covalently bonded to an amino acid that it transports
48
Does tRNA fold on itself
yes- as it folds to form hydrogen bonding | nucleotides interact with the hydrogen bonding and forms the secondary structure
49
What is rRNA
RNA that is used to create proteins
50
what makes up a ribosome
35% protein | 65% RNA
51
How large is rRNA
1 million dalton | much larger than tRNA
52
what is the structure of rRNA similar to
proteins
53
Where do you see the rRNA
thick lines of the double helix
54
What can GTP be used for
energy production in some cases | Guanosine triphosphate
55
What is an example of GTP being used
in Citric acid cycle to store energy
56
How does GTP help the citric acid cycle
helps ADP to become ATP by transferring a phosphate group
57
what is another name for citric acid cycle
energy harvesting pathway
58
what is cMAP and what is its role
second messenger | communicates cell to actively export glucose- especially after liver cells bind with adrenaline
59
cAMP can bind to?
proteins-but not the same "structure determines function" its structure is different compared to AMP
60
what is the final function of nucleotides discussed in module and provide an example
the nucleotide as a coenzyme | FAD- flavin adenine nucleotide
61
what is the function of FAD
move hydrogen atoms from 1 molecule to another in enzymatic-catalyzed reactions
62
What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?
A nucleoside is formed from the covalent bonding of a base, purine or pyrimidine, to either ribose or 2-deoxyribose. Nucleotides are built from a nitrogen-containing organic base, a monosaccharide, and phosphate.
63
What characteristic makes purines and pyrimidine heterocyclic?
Each has a ring with nitrogen in the ring instead of all carbon atoms in the ring.
64
What is the difference between thymine and uracil?
There are a couple differences between thymine and uracil. Thymine is used in DNA and bonds only to adenine in DNA. It also has an extra methyl group. Uracil is only found in RNA and does not have the extra methyl group. It will also bind to adenine in a RNA structure.
65
From the course and module information, where in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, is the DNA located? How about the RNA?
DNA is located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell. RNA is found in the nucleus, on the ribosome, and in other parts of the cell.
66
Which DNA and RNA bases contain a carbonyl group?
Guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil all contain C=O group attached to the rings. Adenine is the only base that does not.
67
What constitutes the backbone of DNA?
In DNA, this consists of the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups linked together through covalent bonds (Figure 6.6).
68
How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T?
Two hydrogen bonds are formed between these two bases. G and C form three H-bonds.
69
Which nucleic acid is single-stranded?
RNA. RNA forms single strands. Particularly this was noted in this module for tRNA. DNA forms a double helix.
70
What interactions stabilize the DNA double helix?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helix. Each AT pair and form two hydrogen bonds, and each GC pair forms three hydrogens that stabilize the helix, permitting it to maintain this shape.
71
What type of RNA has a sequence that is complementary to DNA?
mRNA is complementary so that it can transmit the information to the ribosome.
72
Which has the largest molecular weight chains: mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA?
rRNA. These molecules make up ribosomes.
73
What structural forms of DNA have a right-handed helix? Which form has a left-handed helix?
The A- and B-forms are right-handed, while the Z-form is left-handed.
74
What function does cAMP perform in cells?
cAMP is a communication molecule in cellular signaling. It acts as a secondary messenger.

Biochemistry (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions