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Biochemistry > module 6 nucleic acids > Flashcards

module 6 nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 most common nucleic acids

A

DNA: deoxyribnucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What does DNA store

A

store and transmit genetic information to determine amino acid sequence of the primary protein structure

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3
Q

what is the primary function of RNA

A

make proteins

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4
Q

What are 3 types of RNA

A

messenger, transport, ribosomal

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5
Q

Where does RNA exist in the cell

A

multiple places including nucleus

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6
Q

what type of structures are RNA and DNA and what are they built from

A

polymer and macromolecule

built from nucleotides

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7
Q

what is needed to make a nucleotide

A

a base, a monosaccharide sugar, and phosphoric acid

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8
Q

what are the 2 bases found in DNA and RNA

A

purine and pyridine

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9
Q

Which are the purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

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10
Q

Which are the pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

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11
Q

why are the bases considered to be hetercylic

A

there is nitrogen in the ring- an atom other than carbon

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12
Q

which pyrimidine is only found in DNA and which is only in RNA

A

DNA: thymine
RNA: Uracil

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13
Q

How is the structure of thymine different compared to uracil

A

there is an extra methyl group on thymine

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14
Q

in general both DNA and RNA have ? purines and ? pyrimidines

A

2, 2

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15
Q

Which sugar is in RNA

Which sugar is in DNA

A

RNA: D-ribose
DNA: 2-deoxy-D-ribose

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16
Q

What is the difference between the sugars of DNA and RNA

A

there is an -H on carbon 2 of 2-deoxy-D-ribose verses and OH in D-ribose

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17
Q

what does a nucleoside consist of

A

a base, purine or pyrimidine covalently bonded to either ribose or 2-deoxyribose

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18
Q

where does bonding occur to form a nucleoside

A

carbon 1- the anomeric carbon- based off the N atom as well

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19
Q

what is an example of a formation of nucleoside

A

guanine + ribose= guanosine

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20
Q

what reaction does guanine and ribose undergo to form guanosine

A

condensation

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21
Q

what forms the nucleotide

A

a nucleoside bonded with phosphoric acid

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22
Q

when do nucleic acids form

A

nucleotides polymerize into chains which form into DNA or RNA

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23
Q

what forms the primary structure for DNA

RNA?

A

DNA:: covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers- form backbone: deoxyribose and phosphate alternate
RNA: ribose and phosphate form the backbone

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24
Q

How are nucleotides written schematically

A

5’ to 3’- gives primary structure

left to right

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25
Q

what is an oligonucleotide

A

nucleotide chain less than 50 nucleotides

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26
Q

what is the secondary structure of nucleic acids

A

any stable structure used by some or all nucleotides

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27
Q

what is the tertiary structure of nucleic acids

A

massive and folding

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28
Q

How is the secondary structure of nucleic acids best described

A

As a double helix

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29
Q

who determined the double helix and who was key in understanding structures

A

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

Erwin Chargaff

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30
Q

What are 3 main conclusions regarding nucleic acids

A
  1. base genetic composition of DNA differs between species
  2. DNA isolated from tissues or parts of the organism is the same
  3. In DNA( A and T are equal, G and C are equal)
31
Q

Describe the double helix structure

A

2 polynucleictide chains run in opposite direction- held by hydrogen bonds
bonding between A and T and G and C

32
Q

Show a strand written from 5’-3’ and its complementary strand

A

5’-GCCTTAGCAAT-3’

3’-CGGAATCGTTA-5’

33
Q

Which is the most common form of DNA

A

B-form

34
Q

what are the other 2 forms of DNA

A

A and Z is different as it has a l-handed turn

35
Q

what is the primary function of DNA no matter the form

A

to store genetic information that contains protein sequences

36
Q

What is a gene

A

protein sequence stored in DNA

37
Q

what is a codon

A

3 adjacent nucleotides that encodes an amino acid of a protein

38
Q

in a gene how many nucleotides are needed to encode for a protein

A

150-2000

39
Q

in a 100 amino acid protein- how many nucleotides needed to encode it

A

300

codon is 3x

40
Q

what are 3 types of RNA

A

messenger(mRNA)
transfer(tRNA)
ribosomal(rRNA)

41
Q

What is the job of mRNA

A

carries genetic information stored in DNA to ribosomes

42
Q

What is the structure of mRNA

A

single strand and contains information to create specific proteins and size is revelant to the protein

43
Q

What does Adenine bond with to create a pair in RNA

A

Uracil

44
Q

what happens to mRNA after protein is made

A

it is degraded

45
Q

What is tRNA

A

transfer RNA used to transport amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis

46
Q

How many nucleotides are in a tRNA chain

A

70-90- smaller than other RNA chains

47
Q

How is tRNA bonded

A

each chain is covalently bonded to an amino acid that it transports

48
Q

Does tRNA fold on itself

A

yes- as it folds to form hydrogen bonding

nucleotides interact with the hydrogen bonding and forms the secondary structure

49
Q

What is rRNA

A

RNA that is used to create proteins

50
Q

what makes up a ribosome

A

35% protein

65% RNA

51
Q

How large is rRNA

A

1 million dalton

much larger than tRNA

52
Q

what is the structure of rRNA similar to

A

proteins

53
Q

Where do you see the rRNA

A

thick lines of the double helix

54
Q

What can GTP be used for

A

energy production in some cases

Guanosine triphosphate

55
Q

What is an example of GTP being used

A

in Citric acid cycle to store energy

56
Q

How does GTP help the citric acid cycle

A

helps ADP to become ATP by transferring a phosphate group

57
Q

what is another name for citric acid cycle

A

energy harvesting pathway

58
Q

what is cMAP and what is its role

A

second messenger

communicates cell to actively export glucose- especially after liver cells bind with adrenaline

59
Q

cAMP can bind to?

A

proteins-but not the same
“structure determines function”
its structure is different compared to AMP

60
Q

what is the final function of nucleotides discussed in module and provide an example

A

the nucleotide as a coenzyme

FAD- flavin adenine nucleotide

61
Q

what is the function of FAD

A

move hydrogen atoms from 1 molecule to another in enzymatic-catalyzed reactions

62
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

A

A nucleoside is formed from the covalent bonding of a base, purine or pyrimidine, to either ribose or 2-deoxyribose. Nucleotides are built from a nitrogen-containing organic base, a monosaccharide, and phosphate.

63
Q

What characteristic makes purines and pyrimidine heterocyclic?

A

Each has a ring with nitrogen in the ring instead of all carbon atoms in the ring.

64
Q

What is the difference between thymine and uracil?

A

There are a couple differences between thymine and uracil. Thymine is used in DNA and bonds only to adenine in DNA. It also has an extra methyl group. Uracil is only found in RNA and does not have the extra methyl group. It will also bind to adenine in a RNA structure.

65
Q

From the course and module information, where in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, is the DNA located? How about the RNA?

A

DNA is located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell. RNA is found in the nucleus, on the ribosome, and in other parts of the cell.

66
Q

Which DNA and RNA bases contain a carbonyl group?

A

Guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil all contain C=O group attached to the rings. Adenine is the only base that does not.

67
Q

What constitutes the backbone of DNA?

A

In DNA, this consists of the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups linked together through covalent bonds (Figure 6.6).

68
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T?

A

Two hydrogen bonds are formed between these two bases. G and C form three H-bonds.

69
Q

Which nucleic acid is single-stranded?

A

RNA. RNA forms single strands. Particularly this was noted in this module for tRNA. DNA forms a double helix.

70
Q

What interactions stabilize the DNA double helix?

A

Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helix. Each AT pair and form two hydrogen bonds, and each GC pair forms three hydrogens that stabilize the helix, permitting it to maintain this shape.

71
Q

What type of RNA has a sequence that is complementary to DNA?

A

mRNA is complementary so that it can transmit the information to the ribosome.

72
Q

Which has the largest molecular weight chains: mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA?

A

rRNA. These molecules make up ribosomes.

73
Q

What structural forms of DNA have a right-handed helix? Which form has a left-handed helix?

A

The A- and B-forms are right-handed, while the Z-form is left-handed.

74
Q

What function does cAMP perform in cells?

A

cAMP is a communication molecule in cellular signaling. It acts as a secondary messenger.

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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