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BM1011 Physiological Systems > Module 4: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Module 4: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the heart

A

pericardian (outer), myocardian (middle), endocardial (inner most)

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2
Q

what are the main arteries

A

Subclavian artery - arms. carotid artery - head, iliac artery - arms

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3
Q

whats the stimulus for a heart beat

A

the conductile network. automatic, always active and created by specialised cells which make an action potential

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4
Q

what are the key parts of the conductile system of the heart

A

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, endocardial conducting network,

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5
Q

what happens in the sinoatrial node(SA)

A

master controller, depolarises faster than others, depolarises atria

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6
Q

what happens in the atrioventricular node (AV)

A

slower than SA node, controlled by SA, controls ventricular rhythm, sends signals to AV bundle

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7
Q

what are the main veins in the body

A

external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, superior and inferior vena cava, common iliac vein, subclavian vein

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8
Q

what happens in the atrioventricular bundle

A

only electrical connection between atria and ventricles. auto rhythm slower than AV node

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9
Q

what happens when cell is at threshold

A

voltage gated calcium channels open, calcium enters cell and depolarisation occurs.

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10
Q

define pressure

A

total force acting over an area.

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11
Q

formula for pressure

A

pressure=force/area

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12
Q

how does a sphygmomanometer work

A

used to constrict blood flow in a vessel. when the flow returns the brachial artery is very contracted resulting in turbulent and noisy flow. this is the systolic pressure. when the flow returns to continuous, laminar and quiet it is the diastolic pressure

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13
Q

what is diffusion

A

the spontaneous movement of particles in a fluid from a high concentration to low concentration

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14
Q

what happens as pressure and densities increase in diffusion

A

diffusion rates decrease because the material is more closely packed

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15
Q

what does the amount of diffusion depend on

A

surface area and thickness of the membrane

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16
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

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17
Q

what does the semi-permeable membrane allow

A

diffusion of water but no other substance or particles

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18
Q

what are the effects of osmosis

A

as diffusion continues, the region into which the water diffuses increases in volume creating excess pressure

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19
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

cells retain their normal size and shape, water moves in and out

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20
Q

what is hypertonic solution

A

cells lose water by osmosis and shrink, more solute (e.g salt)

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21
Q

what is hypotonic solution

A

cells take in too much water and become bloated and burst. lower concentration of solute

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22
Q

what ion causes the muscle cells to start contracting

A

calcium

23
Q

what components of the muscle cell store calcium

A

endoplasmic reticulum and sacroplasmic reticulum

24
Q

what two protein bundles are in myofibrils

A

actin (and troponin) and myosin, contractile units.

25
Q

how does an action potential stimulate muscle contraction

A

action potential travels along membrane to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SP), and releases calcium. calcium binds to troponin on actin and allows actin and myosin to interact

26
Q

what is the contraction-sliding filament theory

A

actin can now interact with myosin, myosin pulls past actin, using ATP and the muscle shortens

27
Q

what happens when the muscle shortens in the heart

A

this makes the muscle smaller, which makes the chamber smaller. pressure increase, blood moves out of chamber into area of lower pressure

28
Q

is the pressure high or low when the atrioventricular valves open

A

low pressure

29
Q

is the pressure high or low when the atrioventricular valves closes

A

high pressure

30
Q

is the pressure high or low when the arterial valves open

A

high pressure

31
Q

is the pressure high or low when the arterial valves close

A

low pressure

32
Q

name the phases in which the atria and ventricles are filling

A

passive ventricular filling

33
Q

what happens in atrial contraction

A

the atria are topping up the ventricles

34
Q

what happens in isovolumetric contraction

A

the ventricles are in systole but not ejecting blood

35
Q

what happens in ventricular ejection

A

the ventricles are in systole ejecting blood

36
Q

what happens when the AV valves close

A

isovol contraction, vent ejection

37
Q

what happens when the AV valves open

A

passive filling, atrial contraction

38
Q

what happens when the Semilunar valves close

A

all but ventricular ejection

39
Q

what happens when the semilunar valves open

A

ventricular ejection

40
Q

summarise the contraction sequence to end of atrial contraction

A

the passive ventricular filling, heart muscle is relaxed. the contraction starts conductile cells in the SA node generate AP, AP travels to atrial node and AV node. Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure, blood passes from atria to ventricles. end of atrial contraction. AV valves close, signal goes from AV node to AV bundle. Start of ventricular contraction.

41
Q

summarise the contraction sequence to end of ventricular contraction

A

Start of ventricular contraction. Signal goes from AV bundle to bundle branches then to endocardial network. Ventricles start to contract= isovolumetic contraction. pressure in ventricles rises above pressure in arteries to force SL valves open - causing ventricular ejection= blood goes into arteries. pressure in ventricles drops below pressure in arteries so Sl valves shut. ventricular muscle relaxes (repolarising). blood stops moving into arteries. this is isovolumetric relaxation. Finally AV valves open and passive ventricular filling begins again.

42
Q

what is cardiac output

A

total volume pumped out of the heart in 1 minute= stroke volume * heart rate

43
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

blood pumped out per beat

44
Q

blood pumped out of heart per beat is the sum of…

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

45
Q

what to do to increase flow`

A

either pressure has to increase or resistance has to decrease (blood vessels dilate)

46
Q

what is the pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

47
Q

where is pulse pressure greatest and least and why

A

greatest in arteries and zero in veins because pressure drops through the cycle

48
Q

what happens n sympathetic stimulation

A

increases cardiac contraction, increases heart rate, increases cardiac output

49
Q

what happens in parasympathetic stimulation

A

doesn’t affect cardiac contraction, decreases heart rate, decreases cardiac output

50
Q

how is blood pressure regulated

A

blood flow to organs depends on the body’s requirements, there is a homeostatic set point for rest but gets altered depending on activity.

51
Q

what receptors sense the arterial blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

52
Q

where are the baroreceptors located

A

aorta and carotid arteries

53
Q

if baroreceptors sense a fall in BP what will happen

A

the vasomotor centre will stimulate contraction of arteries (vasoconstriction)

54
Q

if baroreceptors detect rise in BP what will happen

A

the cardio inhibitory centre will cause the heart rate to decrease

BM1011 Physiological Systems (6 decks)

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