Module 5: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

amount of air exchanged (in and out) in one minutes

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2
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

amount of tidal volume reaching alveoli

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3
Q

what is perfusion

A

the supply of blood in the lungs. total volume is 500ml

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4
Q

what happens in the systemic circulation if there is high carbon dioxide

A

capillaries with high CO2 stimulates arterioles to dilate, increase blood supply to capillaries

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5
Q

what happens in pulmonary circulation when there is high CO2

A

high CO2 in capillaries stimulates arterioles to constrict, reduce blood supply to capillaries

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6
Q

how is forced different to quiet breathing in terms of muscles involved

A

only diaphragm contracts in quiet breathing, external (inhalation and internal (exhalation) intercostals also involve in forced breathing

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7
Q

how is forced different to quiet breathing in terms of energy cost

A

energy cost lower in quiet breathing, fewer muscles used exhalation passive in quiet breathing

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8
Q

in inhalation and exhalation does the atmospheric pressure change

A

no

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9
Q

what is needed to move air into the lungs (alveolar pressure)

A

alveolar pressure needs to decrease relative to atmospheric

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10
Q

what is needed for exhalation (alveolar pressure)

A

alveolar pressure needs to increase relative to atmospheric pressure

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11
Q

how much of the inhaled air reaches the alveoli per breath

A

tidal volume - airway volume

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12
Q

what happens if minute ventilation increases (O2 and CO2)

A

increases oxygen intake, increase CO2 excretion

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13
Q

what does O2 do

A

diffuses into cell, diffuses into mitochondria, used in mitochondria

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14
Q

what does CO2 do

A

produced in mitochondria, diffuses out, diffuses out of cell

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15
Q

diffusion of gas is proportional to

A

pressure differences between two areas, surface area, solubility of molecule

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16
Q

which is more soluble CO2 or O2

A

CO2 more soluble

17
Q

which has higher pressure CO2 or O2

A

O2

18
Q

what is haemoglobin to oxygen

A

an oxygen carrier/buffer

19
Q

difference in haemoglobin in arterial and venous

A

arterial haemoglobin has 4 oxygens while venous usually has 3

20
Q

when tissues are metabolically active they produce more

A

CO2, heat, acid

21
Q

Why is Co2 produced

A

to break down carbs, fats and to regenerate ATP

22
Q

what is CO2 carried as in blood

A

bicarbonate

23
Q

how is bicarbonate produced

A

reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. H+ dissociates from H2CO3 to form HCOc-

24
Q

in tissues what produces ATP and CO2

A

metabolism

25
Q

What happens to CO2 in tissues

A

it diffuses from tissues to blood where most of it is converted to bicarbonate

26
Q

what happens if H+ is increased (pH decreases)

A

bicarbonate binds acid to increase pH, then forms water and CO2, increased ventilation removes excess CO2

27
Q

what happens If H+ decreases (pH increases)

A

reduced ventilation, increase blood CO2

28
Q

what receptors detect CO2

A

central receptors

29
Q

what receptors detect O2

A

peripheral receptors