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Philosophy > Module 4: Determining the Truth > Flashcards

Module 4: Determining the Truth Flashcards

1
Q

Philosophy deals with the concept of

A

truth

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2
Q

Knowledge must be truthful to gain ________

A

validity and acceptance

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3
Q

how to justify?

A

through perception
appeal to authority
use of reasoning

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4
Q

5 theories of truth

A
  1. correspondence
  2. coherence
  3. constructivist
  4. consensus
  5. pragmatic
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4
Q

the Greeks understand knowledge as

A

justified true beliefs

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5
Q

there is a connection

A

correspondence

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6
Q

correspondence comes from a Latin word:

A

correspondentia: idea of things that go together or match

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6
Q

correspondentia is a combination of what latin words?

A

cor : together
respondere: to respond/ to answer

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6
Q

your statement should connect to your actions

A

correspondence

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6
Q

coherence comes from the Greek word:

A

cohaerentia
co: together
haerentia: adhering or sticking

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6
Q

something is true if it corresponds with reality of the way things are

ex. A mammal is any class of warm-blooded higher vertebrae

A

corresnpondence theory

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6
Q

the theory that is based on perspectives

ex. Muslims have a belief that certain animals like pigs are unclean.

A

coherence theory

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6
Q

hold together logically or forming a unified whole

A

coherence

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6
Q

this theory of truth is universal

A

correspondence theory

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6
Q

coherence theory promotes

A

relativism: no absolute truths

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6
Q

a belief is true if it is part of a coherent system of beliefs

A

coherence theory

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6
Q

something is true if it make sense when placed in a certain situation or context

A

coherence theory

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6
Q

a theory which always have context

A

coherence theory

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6
Q

knowledge is gained through the experience of society that requires interaction or collaboration

ex. marriage

A

constructivist theory

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6
Q

a theory that believes that reality is constructed by human beings

A

constructivist theory

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7
Q

you build the truth

A

constructivist theory

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8
Q

shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history

A

constructivist theory

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9
Q

agreement

A

consensus

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10
Q

a philosophical POV which holds that truth is a matter of social agreements

A

consensus theory

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11
Q

majority of the society accepts
it as true, therefore, it is true

ex. Decision of the IAV in 2006 to change the planet Pluto classification to a dwarf planet

A

consensus

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12
Q

useful

A

pragmatic

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13
Q

tested to confirm validity

A

pragmatic theory

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14
Q

something is true if it works or we can apply or make it useful in real life

ex. after 6 diet

A

pragmatic theory

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15
Q

they are presented in a form of arguments, and these arguments are phrased in a way that they mae look or sound reasonable or logical

A

fallacy

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16
Q

mistake in reasoning or faulty reasoning

A

fallacy

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17
Q

defect in an argument because of false premises or false conclusions

A

fallacy

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18
Q

fallacy is derived from the Latin word:

A

fallo: I deceive

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19
Q

the three divisions of fallacy

A
  1. fallacy of language
  2. fallacy not of language
  3. fallacy of relevance
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

the six fallacies of language

A
  1. equivocation
  2. amphiboly
  3. composition
  4. division
  5. accent
  6. figures of speech
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22
Q

fallacy of language in which a term is used in 2 or more different senses within a single argument

A

equivocation

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23
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

Jesse Magno was a minister. Pope Francis is a minister. Therefore, Pope Francis is Jesses Magno

A

equivocation

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24
Q

a fallacy of language that occurs when there is a defect in the grammatical construction of the sentence

A

amphiboly

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25
Q

a fallacy of language that gives the argument a double interpretation due to the structural defect, mistake in grammar, or arrangement of words

A

amphiboly

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26
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

I read a book riding in a bus yesterday.

A

amphiboly

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27
Q

a fallacy of language that occurs when one argues that since each part of the whole has a certain feature, it follows that the whole has the same feature

A

composition

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28
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

specific to general

A

composition

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29
Q

a fallacy of language that argues that since the whole has some feature, each part must also have that feature

A

division

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30
Q

a fallacy of language in which the attributes of the whole is applied to a specific part

A

division

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31
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

general to specific

A

division

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32
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

Each member of the gymnastics team weighs less than 110 lbs. Therefore, the whole gymnastics team weighs less than 110 lbs.

A

composition

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33
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

The house costs 1 million dollars. Therefore, each part of the house costs 1 million dollars.

A

division

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34
Q

a fallacy of language that happens when there is a faulty or undue emphasis (accent/ tone) upon certain words or statement

A

accent

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35
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

slow men at work

A

accent

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36
Q

it is a fallacy of language that wrongly inferring similarity of meaning from similarity of word structure

A

figures of speech

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37
Q

fallacy of language that causes confusion in both senses of some words

A

figures of speech

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38
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

What is immaterial is not material; and what is insoluble is not soluble; therefore, what is inflammable is not flammable

A

figures of speech

39
Q

linguistic fallacies

A

fallacy of language

40
Q

non-linguistic fallacies

A

fallacy not of language

41
Q

errors that occur when the content or substance of the argument is flawed, irrespective of the language, or wording used.

A

fallacy not of language

42
Q

it pertains to the problems in the content of the argument itself

A

fallacy not of language

43
Q

6 fallacies not of language

A
  1. accident
  2. converse accident
  3. false dilemma
  4. begging the question
  5. complex question
  6. false cause
44
Q

fallacy not of language wherein the general rule is taken to be universal and the possibility of an exception is ignored

A

accident

45
Q

fallacy not of language also known as “the sweeping generalization”

A

accident

46
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Birds can fly. Therefore, kiwis can fly.

A

accident

47
Q

a fallacy not of language in which the premises are individual cases and the conclusion is a generalization

A

converse accident

48
Q

a fallacy not of language also known as “the hasty generalization”

A

converse accident

49
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Ying and Yang got pregnant after before marriage and they are happily married. Therefore, it is good to be pregnant before marriage.

A

converse accident

50
Q

fallacy not of language that occurs when one assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises

A

begging the question

51
Q

fallacy not of language also known as petitio principii

A

begging the question

52
Q

fallacy not of language that assume under some form or other the conclusion that should be proved and then using it as a premise to prove the same conclusion

A

begging the question

53
Q

fallacy not of language which uses a circular reasoning

A

begging the question

54
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Allah exists because the Quran says and the Quran is an ifallible word of God.

A

begging the question

55
Q

fallacy not of language that occurs when we presume two contraries used as contradictories wherein there are only 2 choices avalaible, when other alternatives do exists

A

false dilemma

56
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

If your really love me, then you should give it to me.

A

false dilemma

57
Q

fallacy not of language that appears as a single question loaded with two or more hidden distinct questions

A

complex questions

58
Q

fallacy not of language that occurs when asking a multiple question as if it were a single question

A

complex question

59
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Have you stopped visiting my wife?

A

complex question

60
Q

a fallacy not of language that even if you answer yes or no, you will still be under an awkward situation

A

complex question

61
Q

fallacy not of language that assumes a cause and effect relationship between unrelated events

A

false cause

62
Q

fallacy not of language that occurs because the inference made is just a presumption of casual connection between the premise and the conclusion, where the connection does not exist

A

false cause

63
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

I offered a dozen of eggs for the souls in the cemetery, and it rained.

A

false cause

64
Q

a fallacy where the argument presented does not directly address or support the conclusion

A

fallacy of relevance

65
Q

a fallacy wherein the conclusion is logically irrelevant to the premise

A

fallacy of relevance

66
Q

6 fallacies of relevance

A
  1. Argumentum ad Hominem
  2. Argumentum ad Populum
  3. Argumentum ad Verecumdiam
  4. Argumentum ad Misericordiam
  5. Argumentum ad Baculum
  6. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
67
Q

fallacy of relevance which is regarded as “against the man”

A

argumentum ad hominem

68
Q

fallacy of relevance that occurs when someone attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself

A

argumentum ad hominem

69
Q

fallacy of relevance that attempts to discredit the arguer by focusing on their character, background, and personal attributes

A

argumentum as hominem

70
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Qualified naman si ,Mukha Usok. She has three brains. One non-functional brain and… You know where the other two are

A

argumentum ad hominem

71
Q

fallacy of relevance which is regarded to as the ‘‘appeal to the popular” or “appeal to the people”

A

argumentum ad populum

72
Q

a fallacy of relevance that believes that a proposition is true because many believe it to be true.

A

argumentum as populum

73
Q
A
74
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Everyone drives over the speed limit, so it should not be against the law.

A

argumentum as populum

75
Q

fallacy of relevance which is regarded to as the “appeal to authority”

A

argumentum ad verecumdiam

76
Q

fallacy of relevance that invokes someone whose expertise is not relevant to the issue for which we are invoking it

A

argumentum ad verecumdiam

77
Q

fallacy of relevance that involves citing an authority figure to expert to support an argument when the authority’s expertise is not relevant to the topic at hand

A

argumentum ad verecumdiam

78
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Isabel Yllana (actress) “Profeed us the best milk for babies”

A

argumentum ad verecumdiam

79
Q

fallacy of relevance which is regarded to as the “appeal to emotions” or “appeal to pity”

A

argumentum ad misericordiam

80
Q

Different kinds of authority cited by logicians in different kinds of ad verecumdiam arguments

A
  1. experts in particular field of knowledge
  2. prestigious or powerful individuals or institutions
  3. social, family, religious, or ancestral heads
81
Q

fallacy of relevance which is based on sympathy or empathetic instead of just or logical grounds

A

argumentum as misericordiam

82
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

If we don’t pass this new law, our children will be doomed to a life of poverty and suffering.

A

argumentum ad misericordiam

83
Q

fallacy of relevance which is regarded to as “appeal to fear” or “appeal to force”

A

argumentum ad baculum

84
Q

fallacy of relevance which uses threats to gain one’s belief or “yes”

A

argumentum ad baculum

85
Q

fallacy of relevance in which someone with authority threatens to bring down unfortunate consequences upon anyone who does to disagree with a preferred proposition

A

argumentum ad baculum

86
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

You should choose to work overtime at the same rate of pay. After all, you do not want to lose your job, would you?

A

argumentum ad baculum

87
Q

fallacy of relevance which is regarded to as “appeal to ignorance”

A

argumentum ad ignorantiam

88
Q

fallacy of relevance which holds that a proposition is true because it has yet to be proven as a false or a proposition is false because it has not yet to be proven as true

A

argumentum ad ignorantiam

89
Q

fallacy of relevance which believes that if claim hasn’t been disproven, it must be true

A

argumentum ad ignorantiam

90
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

I do not know if extra terrestrial exists, and no one can tell me otherwise, hence they exist

A

argumentum ad ignorantiam

91
Q

generally established truths, easily verified, and do not easily change from one situation to another

A

facts

92
Q

they are statements of assertions that can be objectively verified and proven to be true or false

A

facts

93
Q

pieces of information that are based on empirical evidence, data, or direct observation and can be demonstrated or supported with little to no room for interpretation or subjectivity

A

facts

94
Q

Key characteristics of facts

A
  1. Objective and verifiable
  2. Consistent
  3. Empirical Evidence
95
Q

personal beliefs, judgement, or perspective that is not necessarily based on empirical objective verifiable facts

A

opinion

95
Q

subjective and can vary from person to person; can be biased

A

opinions

96
Q

more subjective and may express certain views and beliefs

A

opinions

97
Q

Key Characteristics of opinion

A
  1. subjective
  2. open to interpretations
  3. not necessarily supported by objective evidence
98
Q

tendencies of influences which affects the views of people

A

bias

98
Q

careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of very general interest

A

critical thinking

98
Q

can influence how information is gathered, interpreted, and presented, leading to a distortion of the truth or a one-sided perspective

A

bias

98
Q

systematic and unfair inclination or prejudices in favor or against a particular person, group, idea, or thing

A

bias

98
Q

philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain in…

A

dispute

98
Q

methodology that philosophers use to address philosophical questions

A

critical thinking

99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith

A

TRUE

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Philosophical questions are of peripheral intellectual interest to human beings.

A

TRUE

101
Q

Attributes of a critical thinker

A

LALER
1. Looks for evidence
2. Adjust opinions
3. Looks for proofs
4. Examines problems
5. Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information

102
Q

6 types of bias

A
  1. Correspondence bias or attribution effect
  2. Confirmation bias
  3. Framing
  4. Hindsight
  5. Conflict of interest
  6. Cultural bias
103
Q

Types of bias which has the tendency to judge a person’s personality by her actions, without regard for external factors

A

correspondence bias or attribution effect

104
Q

Type of bias which has a tendency to look for and accept information which fits with one’s own views and reject the views that go against it

A

confirmation bias

105
Q

Type of bias that focuses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects

A

framing

106
Q

Type of bias which has the tendency to see past events as predictable or to ascribe a pattern to historical event

A

hindsight

107
Q

Type of bias in which a person or group is connected to or has vested interest in the issue being discussed

A

conflict of interest

108
Q

Type of bias which analyzes an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards

A

cultural bias

Philosophy (4 decks)

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