Module 4.1 - Axial Skeleton

Question 1

What is the function of the flat bones?

Answer 1

Produce red blood cells; protection of internal organs (skull protects the brain).

Question 2

Describe the shape of a long bone and what its design allows.

Answer 2

Long and thin; designed to support body weight and enable movement.

Question 3

Name the five basic bone shapes.

Answer 3

Long, flat, short, irregular, and sesamoid.

Question 4

What term best describes a hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air?

Answer 4

Sinus.

Question 5

True or false: A sulcus is a raised ridge in bone.

Answer 5

False.

Question 6

What division of the skeleton lies along the midline?

Answer 6

Axial.

Question 7

What are the purpose of fontanelles?

Answer 7

To allow infant skull to compress during childbirth and a rapidly growing brain.

Question 8

What two bones of the cranium lie primarily within the skull?

Answer 8

The sphenoid and the ethmoid bones.

Question 9

True or false: The frontal bone is a paired bone of the cranium.

Answer 9

False.

Question 10

Which bone contains the foramen magnum?

Answer 10

The occipital bone.

Question 11

What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?

Answer 11

The spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.

Question 12

Terminology for openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway?

Answer 12

Foramen, canal, fissure.

Question 13

Sinusitis is an infection of the _______________.

Answer 13

Sinuses.

Question 14

Terminology for elevations in bone?

Answer 14

Process, ramus.

Question 15

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

Answer 15

The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system.

Question 16

What are the only unpaired bones of the facial skeleton?

Answer 16

The mandible and the vomer.

Question 17

What bone forms the anterior portion of the hard palate?

Answer 17

The maxilla.

Question 18

Terminology for processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment?

Answer 18

Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine.

Question 19

True or false: A typical spine is completely straight when standing vertically.

Answer 19

False.

Question 20

True or false: The vertebral body is located anteriorly and can be palpated along the surface of the back.

Answer 20

False (located anteriorly, but the spinous processes are the structures that can be palpated along the surface of the back).

Question 21

The vertebrae fit together to protect the __________, located in the vertebral canal.

Answer 21

The spinal cord.

Question 22

True or False: A typical thoracic vertebra has a bifid spinous process.

Answer 22

False.

Question 23

What is the purpose of transverse foramina in cervical spinal vertebrae?

Answer 23

Passage of vertebral arteries and veins.

Question 24

What region of the spine contains costal facets?

Answer 24

Thoracic.

Question 25

What is the purpose of costal facets?

Answer 25

Articulations with ribs.

Question 26

Which region of the spine has the largest vertebral bodies?

Answer 26

Lumbar.

Question 27

The line along the midline of the sacrum is called the

Answer 27

Median sacral crest.

Question 28

True or False: Ribs 11 and 12 have no posterior attachment to the thoracic vertebrae.

Answer 28

False.

Question 29

Terminology for processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones?

Answer 29

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet.

Question 30

Terminology for depressions in bone?

Answer 30

Fossa, sulcus.

Question 31

What type of bones form the skull? And how many are there?

Answer 31

22 bones in total: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.

Question 32

What is the sphenoid bone?

Answer 32

Completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets.

Question 33

What is the ethmoid bone?

Answer 33

Lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum, its grooves form the middle and superior nasal conchae.

Question 34

What is mastoiditis?

Answer 34

Condition that can lead to deafness, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses.

Question 35

What are foramina?

Answer 35

Many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord.

Question 36

What is the carotid canal?

Answer 36

Opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery.

Question 37

What are maxillae?

Answer 37

Upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen.

Question 38

What are palatine bones?

Answer 38

Make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity.

Question 39

What is the lacrimal bone?

Answer 39

Thin, scale-like bone, lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone.

Question 40

What is the vomer?

Answer 40

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

Question 41

Describe the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 41

C1-C7: long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1). The cervical vertebral bodies are small, and the vertebral foramen are large. They have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.

Question 42

Describe the thoracic vertebrae.

Answer 42

T1-T12: long, thin spinous process that points down w/ no split. The vertebral bodies medium-sized and contain facets for rib articulations. The transverse processes have costal facets for rib articulations (except T11 and T12).

Question 43

Describe the lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 43

L1-L5: shorter spinous process, broader, points posteriorly. The vertebral bodies are the largest, enabling it to support the body's weight. Transverse processes are shorter. The vertebral foramen are the smallest and triangular-shaped.

Question 44

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 44

To protect vital organs, allow for structure/movement, and produce red blood cells.

Question 45

What is stored in bones?

Answer 45

Inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts.

Question 46

How do bones allow for movement?

Answer 46

Provide sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Question 47

What is the function of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 47

Small and round for reinforcing tendons.

Question 48

What are bone landmarks?

Answer 48

Distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes.

Question 49

What function do bone landmarks serve?

Answer 49

May allow for tendons to attach, indicate where nerves/blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone.

Question 50

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 50

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic cage.

Question 51

What are the 14 facial bones?

Answer 51

Mandible, maxilla(2), zygomatic bones(2), vomer, palatine bones(2), lacrimal bones(2), ethmoid bones(2), inferior nasal conchae(2).

Question 52

What are articular facets?

Answer 52

Allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other.

Question 53

How do the sacrum and coccyx function together?

Answer 53

Provide pelvic stability because they have attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons which anchor to the pelvis.

Question 54

What is the coccyx?

Answer 54

Comprised of 4 to 5 fused vertebrae (fuse by age 25).

Question 55

What is the sacrum?

Answer 55

5 fused bones at the base of the spine, its base is the widest portion, which articulates with L5.

Question 56

Which are the floating ribs and why are they called this?

Answer 56

Ribs 11 and 12 are named this because they don't attach to the sternum.

Question 57

Which ribs connect directly to the sternum?

Answer 57

Ribs 1 through 7.

Question 58

What about ribs 8 through 10?

Answer 58

Connect to sternum by the cartilage shaft of rib 7.