Module 4.3 - Physiology of the Skeletal System

Question 1

58. Name and describe the function of the contents of the medullary cavity of bone.

Answer 1

58. Yellow bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones. Red bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.

Question 2

What is the center length of the bone called? And what is its function?

Answer 2

the diaphysis and it contains the medullary cavity

Question 3

60. This special type of cartilage is found at joint articulations.

Answer 3

60. articular cartilage

Question 4

61. Which type of bone is lighter: Spongy or compact?

Answer 4

61. Spongy bone

Question 5

62. Which type of bone is usually found on the external surface of bone: Spongy or compact?

Answer 5

62. Compact

Question 6

Osteoclasts

Answer 6

bone absorbing cells that break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood

Question 7

64. True or false: Only children require calcium in their diet to promote the work of building bone.

Answer 7

64. False

Question 8

What is Endochondral ossification?

Answer 8

the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage

Question 9

What is Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 9

the formation of flat bones from connective tissue

Question 10

67. This type of fracture occurs when one end of the bone is pushed inside the other.

Answer 10

67. Impacted

Question 11

68. This type of arthritis causes the synovial membrane to become inflamed.

Answer 11

68. Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 12

What is unique about newborns’ bone marrow?

Answer 12

they have only red bone marrow that eventually converts to yellow bone marrow in long bones

Question 13

What surround the medullary cavity?

Answer 13

spongy bone

Question 14

What are the ends of each long bone called?

Answer 14

the distal and proximal epiphysis

Question 15

What type of tissue is articular cartilage?

Answer 15

connective tissue

Question 16

What does compact bone contain?

Answer 16

osteons (formerly called Haversian Systems)

Question 17

How are osteons organized?

Answer 17

osteocytes(bone cells) in tiny chambers calledlacunaeare arranged in concentric circles around center canals

Question 18

What do the central canals of osteons contain?

Answer 18

blood vessels and nerves

Question 19

What separates the lacunae?

Answer 19

a matrix that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts

Question 20

How is spongy bone designed for strength?

Answer 20

contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces, solid portions of spongy bone follow lines of stress.

Question 21

Osteoblasts

Answer 21

these cells form new bone, take calcium from the blood. Eventually, some get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to osteocytes

Question 22

Describe ossification

Answer 22

cartilaginous models are converted to bones when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.

Question 23

Where does Endochondral ossification begin?

Answer 23

at the primary ossification center in the middle of the bone

Question 24

What is the process of Endochondral ossification?

Answer 24

Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the medullary cavity. Later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones

Question 25

growth plate

Answer 25

A cartilaginous disk that remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length

Question 26

What controls the cartilaginous disks growth and when do they stop growing?

Answer 26

growth hormones and sex hormone. They ossify during puberty.

Question 27

What is the process of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 27

Flat bone formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo. Osteoblasts begin to secrete bone tissue. Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into osteocytes.

Question 28

closed fracture

Answer 28

aka simple fracture, occurs when the bone breaks but remains within the skin

Question 29

open fracture

Answer 29

aka compound fracture, occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin

Question 30

greenstich fracture

Answer 30

occurs when bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. Commonly occurs in children

Question 31

comminuted fracture

Answer 31

bone is broken in more than 2 segments, typically repaired surgery

Question 32

osteoarthritis

Answer 32

aka old age arthritis, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates, The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint

Question 33

Osteoporosis

Answer 33

a bone tissue disease. bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.