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MCB 11 LEC > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q
  • the science of biological classification
  • describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of
    organisms
A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

-grouping organisms into taxa
based on mutual similarity or
evolutionary relatedness

A

Classification

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3
Q
  • characterization of an isolate to determine what
    species it is
A

Identification

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4
Q
  • assignment of names to taxonomic groups in
    agreement with published rules
A

Nomenclature

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5
Q
  • study of the diversity of life (both past and present) and the relationships among living things
    through time
  • uses taxonomy as a means to understand organisms; means by which the characteristics of a species are defined and communicated among microbiologists
A

Systematics

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6
Q
  • collection of strains that share stable properties in common
    and differ significantly from other group of strains
  • relies upon genetic and phenotypic information; 70% DNA-DNA hybridization and 97% 16S rRNA seq identity
A

Species (in prokaryotes)

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7
Q
  • a group of closely related organisms that breed among
    themselves
A

Species (in eukaryotes)

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8
Q
  • population of organisms that descends from a pure culture isolate
    or from a species
  • while different strains may be nearly identical genetically, they
    can have very different attributes.
A

Strain

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9
Q

The most famous early taxonomist
was a Swedish botanist, zoologist,
and physician

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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10
Q

What book did Carolus Linnaeus publish in which he proposed the Linnaean taxonomy

A

Systema Naturae

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11
Q

How did Linnaeus classify organisms

A

two kingdoms;
Kingdom, class, order, family, genus
(plural: genera), and species

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12
Q

1st attempt to depict the
common evolutionary history
of all living cells

A

HAECKEL TREE by Ernst
Haeckel in 1866

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13
Q

Classification with Three Kingdom Tree

A

HAECKEL TREE (Plantae, Animalia, Protista)

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14
Q

classification for unicellular organisms

A

Protista

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15
Q

unicellular organisms whose cells lack nuclei and are ancestral to other forms of life

A

Monera

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16
Q

Five-Kingdom Tree

A

WHITTAKER TREE

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17
Q

Proposed adding another Kingdom
(Fungi);
turned into five kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (chiefly protozoa and algae), Fungi (molds, yeasts, and mushrooms), Plantae (plants), and Animalia (animals)

A

Robert Whittaker

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18
Q

Prokaryota contained just ____. Eukaryota contained the other four kingdoms: ____

A

Prokaryota contained just the Kingdom Monera. Eukaryota contained the other four kingdoms: Fungi, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia

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19
Q

a key feature in the Whittaker Tree,
although the fungi are not truly unicellular

A

Unicellular or multicellular organization

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20
Q

proposed a four-kingdom classification, elevating the bacteria and blue-green algae into Kingdom Monera

A

Herbert Copeland

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21
Q

timeline of Evolving trees of life

A

Carolus Linnaeus - two kingdoms (Animalia and Plantae)
Ernst Haeckel - four kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Monera)
Robert Whittaker - five kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Monera, Fungi)

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22
Q

proposed six kingdoms of life

A

Carl Woese

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23
Q

Six Kingdoms of Life

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Animalia

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24
Q

Genetics-based tree of life

A

Six Kingdoms of Life

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25
Q

Why did archea and bacteria separate?

A

Archaebacteria (simply known
as Archaea) are significantly
different from other bacteria and
eukaryotes in terms of 16S
rRNA gene sequences.

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26
Q
  • Introduced by Carl Woese in
    1990
  • Divides cellular life forms into
    Archaea, Bacteria, and
    Eukaryote domains.
  • Revolutionized the
    understanding of microbial
    evolution
A

THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE

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27
Q

How is THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE separated

A

Differences in ribosomal
RNAs (16S rRNA gene) =
synthesize new proteins

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28
Q
  • A two-word naming system for identifying organisms by
    genus and species.
  • Each organism is placed in a genus and given a specific
    epithet (specific name/species name)
A

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

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29
Q

can change if the organism is
assigned to another genus because of new information

A

Generic Name

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30
Q

stable; the oldest epithet for a
particular organism takes precedence and must be
used

A

Specific Name

31
Q

a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture

provisional taxonomic name appended to candidate
taxonomic ranks. (i.e. Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique)

A

Candidatus

32
Q

Principles of nomenclature

A
  1. Genus name can be changed but specific name cannot
  2. Names are descriptive.
  3. Designation of categories is
    required for classification of organism.
  4. Each distinct kind of organism is designated as a species
  5. Characterization and Identification
33
Q

These books act as standard references for identifying and classifying different

A
  • Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
  • Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
34
Q

Rules for naming bacteria is in

A

International Code for the Nomenclature of Bacteria (1991)

35
Q

Questions on nomenclature can be answered in

A

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB)

36
Q

official publication of record for taxonomy and classification of Bacteria, Archaea, and microbial eukaryotes

A

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM)

37
Q

Involves the study, not of a single cell, but of a population of identical cells

A

Characterization and Identification

38
Q

Prerequisite of Characterization and Identification

A

pure culture

39
Q

Reasons for doing characterization

A
  • identification purposes
  • comparison with other organisms
  • exploit characteristics which may be beneficial
40
Q

Major characteristics used in taxonomy

A

Cultural
Morphological
Metabolic
Chemical Composition
Antigenic
Genetic

41
Q

is affected by the nutrients required for growth and the
physical conditions of an environment that will favor growth

A

Cultural characteristics

42
Q

Cultural characteristics based on Nutritional types

A

Based on Energy source

Based on Carbon source

Based on C and E source

43
Q

organisms feed Based on E source

A

Phototrophs
Chemotrophs

44
Q

organisms feed Based on C source

A

Autotroph
Heterotroph (organotroph)

45
Q

energy and carbon source of Photoautotroph

A

Energy Source - sunlight
Carbon Source - carbon dioxide

46
Q

energy and carbon source of Photoheterotroph

A

Energy Source - sunlight
Carbon Source - organic compounds

47
Q

energy and carbon source of Chemoautotroph

A

Energy Source - inorganic chemicals
Carbon Source - carbon dioxide

48
Q

energy and carbon source of Chemoheterotroph

A

Energy Source - organic chemicals
Carbon Source - organic compounds

49
Q

Cultural characteristics Based on
physical conditions

A

temperature requirement

pH requirement

oxygen requirement

50
Q

organisms that thrive between -5 and 15oC

A

Psychrophile

51
Q

organisms that thrive between 20 and 30oC (but grows well at lower temperatures)

A

Psychrotroph

52
Q

organisms that thrive between 25 and 45oC

A

Mesophile

53
Q

organisms that thrive between 45 and 70oC

A

Thermophile:

54
Q

organisms that thrive between 70 and 110oC

A

Hyperthermophile

55
Q

types of organisms based on temperature requirement

A

Psychrophile
Psychrotroph
Mesophile
Thermophile
Hyperthermophile

56
Q

types of organisms based on pH requirement

A

Acidophile
Neutrophile
Alkaliphile

57
Q

organisms that opt pH below 5.5

A

Acidophile

58
Q

organisms that opt pH 5-8

A

Neutrophile

59
Q

organisms that opt pH above 8.5

A

Alkaliphile

60
Q

types of organisms based on Oxygen requirement

A

obligate aerobe
obligate anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
aerotolerant anaerobe
microaerophile

61
Q

organisms that are completely
dependent on O2; float in flasks

A

obligate aerobe

62
Q

organisms where O2 are toxic to
cells; sinks in flasks

A

obligate anaerobe

63
Q

organisms that grows with
or without O2; mostly at the top but trickles down to the bottom

A

facultative anaerobe

64
Q

organisms that grows equally
well with or without O2; evenly distributed in the flasks

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

65
Q

organisms that requires O2 at low levels; slightly below the surface

A

microaerophile

66
Q

Other examples of cultural characteristics

A

form, elevation, margin, growth pattern in slants

67
Q

Microscopic characteristics which include size, arrangement, ID of
structures, internal structures, organization, shapes

A

Morphological characteristics

68
Q

examples of Structures (Morphological characteristics)

A

lipid droplets
volutin granules
sulfur granules
gas vacuoles
magnetosomes

69
Q

biochemical/ physiological characteristics i.e., presence of enzymes, fermentation of sugar

A

Metabolic characteristics

70
Q

is a molecule that binds to a specific antibody, often stimulating a response in the immune system as a result.

A

Antigen

71
Q

aka immunoglobulin are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells of immune system in response to exposure to antigens

A

antibodies

72
Q

DNA Hybridization is under what major characteristic used in taxonomy

A

Genetic

73
Q

process of DNA Hybridization

A
  1. Isolate DNA from body fluid sample
  2. Denature DNA sample and combine with DNA probes. Probes are complementary to the gene of interest and labeled with a molecular beacon
  3. DNA probes will bind to the gene of interest if it is present in the DNA sample

MCB 11 LEC (6 decks)

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