Module 5 (Brain and Brainstem)

Question 1

Which 3 structures make up the brain

Answer 1

Cerebrum
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Question 2

What is the cerebrum and what is it composed of

Answer 2

Makes up the bulk of the brain
Composed of telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 3

What is the telencephalon and what is it responsible for

Answer 3

Makes up the bulk of the cerebrum
Interprets sensory signals, sends motor signals, and makes decisions

Question 4

Features of the telencephalon

Answer 4

Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
Sulci and Grri
Lobes of the cerebrum
Grey matter of the brain
White matter of the brain

Question 5

What are the 2 hemispheres and what separates them

Answer 5

Paired, left and right cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure

Question 6

What is the cerebral cortex

Answer 6

Outer layer of the cerebrum

Question 7

What is sulci and gyri

Answer 7

Small fissures, or grooves that create folds in the cerebrum

Question 8

What does the folding of sulci and gyri do

Answer 8

Increases the surface area of neural tissue, which increases the functional capacity of the tissue

Question 9

Sulci

Answer 9

Fissures and grooves

Question 10

Gyri

Answer 10

Lumps and bumps between the sulci

Question 11

What are the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 11

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 12

What is grey matter of the brain composed of

Answer 12

Nerve cell bodies, short interneurons, and glial cells

Question 13

Where can grey matter of the brain be found

Answer 13

In the cerebral cortex and the inner areas of the brain

Question 14

What is white matter of the brain composed of

Answer 14

Bundles of nerve fibres and axons

Question 15

Where can white matter of the brain be found

Answer 15

In the inner regions of the cerebrum

Question 16

What connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Answer 16

Specialized region of white matter called the corpus callosum

Question 17

What are white matter tracts

Answer 17

3 categories of white matter tracts based upon the structures they connect and the type of communication they faciliate

Question 18

What are the 3 white matter tracts

Answer 18

Association fibres
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres

Question 19

What are association fibres

Answer 19

Facilitate communication within one hemisphere

Question 20

What are commissural fibres

Answer 20

Facilitate communication between the 2 hemispheres

Question 21

Example of commissural fibres

Answer 21

Corpus callosum

Question 22

What are projection fibres

Answer 22

Facilitate communication between different levels of the CNS, such as between the brain and spinal cord

Question 23

What is the diencephalon

Answer 23

Second layer, deep to the telencephalon
Central core of cerebrum, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres

Question 24

What is the diencephalon responsible for

Answer 24

Sensory and motor relay into and out of the brain, as well as control of the autonomic nervous system

Question 25

What structure does the diencephalon enclose

Answer 25

The third ventricle

Question 26

What is the diencephalon composed of

Answer 26

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 27

What is the thalamus and what is it responsible for

Answer 27

Deep brain structure with two bodies, one per hemisphere Relays sensory information, expect sense of smell, to other areas of the brain

Question 28

What is the hypothalamus and what is it responsible for

Answer 28

Small structure below the thalamus, connected to the pituitary gland Controls the release of hormones through the pituitary gland

Question 29

What is the brainstem

Answer 29

Area of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord

Question 30

Where is the brainstem located and what is it composed of

Answer 30

Below the diencephalon Comprised of the midbrain, the pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 31

Importance of the brainstem

Answer 31

Contains many autonomic reflex centres and white matter tracts necessary for human functioning and survival

Question 32

The midbrain

Answer 32

Most superior aspect of the brainstem

Question 33

Anterior side of the midbrain

Answer 33

Consists of large white matter tracts that make up the cerebral peduncles

Question 34

Postero-lateral side of the midbrain

Answer 34

Two pairs of raised bumps, called the superior and inferior colliculi

Question 35

What are the pons

Answer 35

Structure in the middle of the brainstem Located anterior to the 4th ventricle and the cerebellum

Question 36

How does communication between the pons and cerebellum occur

Answer 36

The pons have fibres connecting it to the cerebellum

Question 36

What is the cerebellum

Answer 36

Structure that is appended to the back of the brainstem and sits underneath the occipital lobe

Question 36

Function of the cerebellum

Answer 36

Coordinates motor activity

Question 36

What is the medulla oblongata

Answer 36

The most inferior structure of the brainstem Continuous with the spinal cord

Question 37

Internal topography of the brain

Answer 37

Outer grey matter and inner white matter

Question 38

What structure connects both hemispheres together

Answer 38

The corpus callosum